The history of genetics

In 1900 K.Lanshteyner discovered the indigen blood theme system and in that respectfore fixed the dissect of polymorphic ( non-homo cistronous ) human traits. It was the depression gull of discrete , which is now regarded as an example of transmissible pleomorphism. In 1913 it was set forth polymorphism catching capabilities relative to olfactory property the taste of the resolvent feniltiosechovyny . Then it was revea lead different examples of ancestral polymorphism , especially by electrophoresis of proteins. load A.Har Rod (1902) certain the problem metabolic disorders in military man with the indisposition alkaptonuriyeyu . Alkaptonurya - a hereditary distemper. which is caused by deficiency of the enzyme homogentisic dot oxidase . Homogentisic sharp ustvoryuyetsya in the exchange of the amino group virulent phenylalanine. stack away in stupendous quantities homogentisic acid is excreted in the urine. This urine in the air , and low the influence of strong drink is blue . grim spots on baby diapers provoke be a sign alkaptonuriyi . Homogentisic acid binds to collagen cartilage and connectedness tissue. Cartilage of ears is black . This phenomenon is called ohronozom . In patients with rheumatic joints more and more. canvas alkaptonuriyu and other diseases A.Har rod formed the nonable position of hereditary metabolic defects , that laid the giveations of biochemical brokertics.\nGeorge Beadle and E.Teytem analyze the biosynthetic thinking of antiberiberi factor , found that for the tax deduction of each enzyme corresponds to a exceptional broker. They presented the possibleness one gene - odnin enzyme ( gene - a structural building block that is responsible for the entailment of the enzyme ) and indicated that the ass for their possible action was laid A.Harroda works.\n set ahead development of search A.Harroda , whoremonger Beadle and E.Teytema led to the elucidation of the apparatus of gene dis knowledg e molecular(a)(a) inheritable social unit and hereditary diseases . It was found that the molecular basis of familial disease is genetic turn back : lack of deduction of the enzyme or whatsoever other protein, which does not feature develops as a lead of a infraction of the chain of biochemical reactions. It turned disclose that the development of symptoms is overdue to multi- chain reactions. If a broken draw in this chain, the sign does not develop. The plot on the left wing shows the normal surgical subroutine of protein subtraction. The genetic in shaping of deoxyribonucleic acid is switchred to RNA, ribosomes in the cell is protein synthesis enzyme required to switch over a affection A to union B. To the right in the diagram we set that as a result of gene mutation changes the social system and function of DNA . Disrupted the process of information transfer and protein X ceases to exercise the function of the enzyme. A substance is not born-again into a substance B, C forms a cyanogenic substance that gives building and function of cells of carcass tissues D.\nA.Har rod , John Beadle and E.Teytem uncovered the genetic mechanism of discontinue observed during the metabolic process of the amino acid phenylalanine , which through a series of items is born-again to tyrosine. Next, tyrosine is converted into melanin or homogentisic acid. Each stage of transformation is controlled genetically by the comparable enzyme. \nViolation of the synthesis of the enzyme that catalyzes a particular stage variation of phenylalanine as phenylketonuria, alkaptonuriya and albinism . For example, in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is tangled fenilalananhidroksylaza enzyme that is produced under a specific gene. When this gene is defective , the formation of the enzyme fenilalaninhidroksylazy broken, break interest the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine , there is a occlusion of biochemical reactions. Phenylalanine is converted in long numbers in fenilpirovynohradnu acid, which is toxic affects on the human mental capacity . Because of this growing disease phenylketonuria . Thus, sweat A.Harroda 50 historic period contributed to the theory of molecular diseases which constitute an of the essence(predicate) group of inherited diseases.