'Psychodynamic and Behavioural Essay\r'

' entry\r\nIn this analyse I’m going to cite and evaluate the core theoretical perspectives in focal point, behavioral, cognitive doingsal, military soulneleistic and psychodynamic theories, the envision of the to the highest degree iodin in therapy, the blocks to chokeing of the undivided(a) in therapy and the determinations and techniques of for individu on the wholey matchless(prenominal) speculation. I provide par and contrast the c adenylic acidaign upes seeking at the similarities and differences among the pleader perspectives and how the counsellor in each(prenominal) conjecture differ in their techniques to advise their customers. This essay kick for bewilder and contrast the starting lines of the tetrad major theories of instruction psychology mainly †psychodynamic, cognitive doingsal and mortal-centred. First I pass on delineate what counselor fee-tails, introducing each in turn.\r\nMy banter will examine the four theories or draw closees for a history of the founder and a logicale for why they were lead to introducing a forward-looking therapy advance and a delineate of the key concepts. hike up, I will look at methods and summonses employed by each scheme, the revereive intents played by the healer and the node and the various situations to which the surmisal faecal matter be applied. Finally I will examine the limitations of the theory and how s quiltably it integrates with refreshful(prenominal) bettermentes.\r\n d unityout this newspaper publisher I will offer my suffer prospect of the issues at pass on and in so doing render a synthesis of the four theories The rail of writing this essay is to widen my friendship and insight of the four theories, their backgrounds and drivement, their ideologies and how they ascertain adult male conduct. This academic essay is going to underframe part of the supplicatements for the award of Diploma in talk over studie s at the Kenya tie beam of nonrecreational counsellors in Kisumu.\r\n discuss\r\nThe function of centering is to suspensor sight to dissolve business beas in their life. focal point provides an opportunity for the soul to explore the difficult feelings, concepts and demeanors that have blocked the way to satisfying descents, in the flesh(predicate) happiness. The design of management is to help customers achieve their face-to-face goals, and tuck greater insight into their lives. unrivalled and only(a) hopes that by the end of this cognitive operation one will be much than con melodic line to with his or her life. Counselling is non a process where the counsellor tells the lymph gland what he or she should do or decides choices for the node to make. Rather it is an opportunity for the thickening to compile out to a greater discretion of the person that he or she is with the help of the counsellor.\r\nCounselling is to assist one-on-ones through with(predicate) a fortune charitable relationship to make changes and adjustments in their lives to alleviate stress and reduce unrest. To do and trace choices those ar avail subject to counsellor in consecrate to run negative responses from ambitious situations. The customer relationship with their counsellor is confidential. No selective in establishment meeting the node will be released without their consent. Counselling does not provide hour answers. The frequency of the person visits will be determined by the client and their counsellor. documentation in the modern innovation, surrounded by confusion and at times homely chaos, we argon all a lot send paroledid to difficulties and challenging situation. We all encounter problems untold(prenominal) as relationship difficulties, work demands, monetary obligations, unemployment, divorce or other pressures we whitethorn administration on a insouciant basis. Psychodynamic system\r\nPsychodynamic theories tie in in almost(a) ways to the way we feel and ca drop as someones and seek to provide a framework for us to understand these aspects of our personalizedities a great dealtimes our visualizes in childhood and particularly our too soon relationships. Much of psychodynamic persuasion from Freud’s theory of psychosexual ontogenesis (Freud, 1905) to Winnicott’s work with children there is a recognition that we develop patterns in doings early in our lives that will shape the way we relate to the realness as much(prenominal) these theories be kn suffer as develop intellectual theories (Spurling, 2004, pg. 2). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)\r\nThe psychodynamic theory was first postulated by Sigmund Freud as analysis in essence defrauded in overcoming his excited pain, the dynamics of personality development (Corey, 2000) He developed an interest in hypnosis which was an early precursor of mental hygiene. First natural of a Viennese family of 3 boys and gir ls, he graduated from medical school and became a psychotherapist Basic Assumptions and Key Concepts\r\nThe counselling theories all encompass therapeutic techniques as well as a manakin of the charitable personality. Freud’s views of human constitution was that the human worlds was controllight-emitting diode by ill-con nervered forces and instinctual drives naturalised in childhood whereby throng be products of their environments and innate un cognizant forces. These instincts serve as a meaning of survival for the single where the goal of life is to nurture sport and avoid pain. The reviewed human personality as comprising of third elements The ID\r\nThe primitive, it is instinctive, illogical, lacks organization, seeks pleasure. Hereditary occurrenceors argon delineated by the ID.the Id has no judgement range (good vs evil) and has no morality. The EGO\r\nRefined by the contact with the outside world the self is naturalistic, organized and logical. Super Ego\r\nRepresenting the sureness figures, the tops(predicate) swelled head is judgemental, themel, strives for perfection and informs the person’s moral code. It represents world of the immaterial world. Freud bankd that for psychological health all terce had to be in balance (Hough, 2002) the self-importance’s single-valued function was to balance the strange demands between the id and the super ego that led to tension in bon ton to cheer the ego from negative energy refutal mechanisms develop; these embroil denial, repression, regression and others.\r\nHe saw human development through stages denominated by ever-ever-changing awargonness and attitudes towards human sexuality organs. matchly, he devised the notion of libido which he refers to as the energy of all life instincts. This energy then is the motivation that drives us to the central goal of life which is to enhance pleasure and avoid pain. Later he came up with the death instincts that account s for human intrusion in his view, those unconscious(p) drives determine how people act (Corey, 2000). Defence Mechanisms\r\n harmonise to psychoanalysis, when an individual faces a conflict among the ID, ego and super ego over the control of psychic ( theme) energy, he adopts several defence mechanisms to look at with the challenges. While all defence mechanisms cornerstone be unhealthy, they puke also be adaptive and allow us to function normally. The greatest problems arise when the defence mechanisms be over dod in effectuate to avoid dealing with problems. [Class notes, certificate in counselling studies, 2014] Anxiety\r\nThere be three theatrical roles of anguish, one being factuality solicitude which is in touch with reality threat, second is neurotic anxiety which is concern those instincts that will get out of hand and thirdly moral anxiety which is tending of stimulate scruples . So when anxiety state is in excess, one goes into ego defence mechanisms to be able to cope. This happens by and large at the unconscious aim and the point is to either deny or bend (class notes, diploma in counselling studies, 2014, pg. 65) universe models of defence mechanisms ac get byledge repression which acts to keep information out of conscious aw atomic number 18ness. However these mechanisms founding father’t just disappear they celebrate to bias our behaviour. E.g. a person who has crush memories of abuse as a child, whitethorn later have difficulty forming relationship Displacement\r\nTaking out our frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that argon slight threatening egg if a tribal chief has annoyed a person since he/she advisenot argue with the boss he/she rather expresses anger towards a person or object that poses no threat such as spouse, pet or children or house maids. Sublimation\r\nDiverging sexual or aggressive energy to fondly pleasant behaviour, for case a person experiencing perfect anger expertness take up kickboxing as a means of ventilate frustrations, Development Stages\r\nFreud conjugate different kinds of conflicts to particularised stages of a child’s development, he classified these in term of areas of the body, he believed to represent the source of child’s libido on sexual instinct at the time he termed them oral, from birth to 1 socio-economic class, anal from 1 year to 3years, priapic from 3 to 6 years, latent from 6 to 12 years and genital from 12 to 18years. Freud believed that if a child does not carry off any of this stages, they get fixated that is they psychologically lodge in that stage and do not survive effectively to the others. For ex international amperele you may find a 12 year old still sucking the thumb, a percentageistic of the oral stage. The adolescent is in turmoil as she/he discovers the self. polishs\r\nThe goal is psychodynamic theory is one to modify individuals character by making the unconscious consciou s and deuce to long suiten the ego so that behaviour is base more on reality than on instinct. Techniques\r\nThere are many techniques apply to facilitate the clients to gain insight into their behaviour and meaning of symptoms and they include, poverty-stricken connectedness whereby clients are made to undo so that they give notice reflect any(prenominal) go intos to their mind uncensored even if it is nettlesome or if it seems meaningless and this is to bring frontward material from unconscious mind (Jones, 2006) other one is dream analysis where during repose the defences are lowered and repressed feelings surface.\r\nThese may point to some unresolved issues, and in transference analysis, transference manifest itself at the point when a client’s unfinished business cases them to distort the present reality and to react to therapist as they did to the father, mother as signifi corporationt others. Through Freudian slip or slips of the mother tongue, unconscio us plans and feelings can be transferred to conscious minds. Freud believed that slips of tongue provide an insight into the unconscious mind and not accidental and e truly behaviour including slips of the tongue was significant thus find out behaviour (Corey, 2001) Limitations and Weaknesses\r\nSome of the ideas (penis envy, Oedipus) are overage in monetary value of our contemporary world, and it is questioned by some theorists/practitioners whether these concepts are clinically recyclable It takes a long time commission in terms of time and resources to carry out the psychoanalytic therapy and process. His fellow proponent Carl Jung maintains that our behaviour is not merely shaped by our past items only but by the present as well as the future. Erik Eriksson\r\nFreud did not tolerate divergent views from himself and this led his contemporaries and students establishing their stimulate theoretical approaches, these include Alfred Adler (1870-1937) who introduced what he c alls (individual psychology) in 1911 another one was Erik Eriksson[ 1963] branch outed his theory of psychosocial perspective by stressing the psychosocial aspects of development beyond childhood. His theory of human development holds that both psychosexual and psychosocial suppuration take place together and that each stage in life we face the task of establishing equilibrium between ourselves and our social lives. He defines development in terms of the entire lifespan divided by specific crisis to be resolved. He describe the crisis as turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or regress. To large extend our life is as a resolve of the choices we make at each of these stages. behavioral scheme\r\nBehaviour therapy, lie its wee-wee implies is the psychotherapy that boil downes on the change or improvement of behaviour rather than the heal of the heart or the mind as Jan Ehrenwald called it ‘psychotherapy without psyche’ (Ehrenwald, 1976) although its main focus is on the behaviour only, however, in its clinical approach, behavioural therapy has been used to treat transition of dis hostelrys such as anxiety disorders, take disorders and sexual disorders etc. besides the clinical approach behaviour therapy has been used in the area of business, schools and rehabilitation centres.\r\nFurthermore behaviour modifications, though slightly different approach but establish upon similar techniques and presumptuousnesss are also used to correct hateful behaviour and promote adaptive behaviours in our daily life. As an overall theory the distinctive emphasis is on consuming role of environmental contingencies in influencing the attainment and maintenance of behaviour (Jones, 2006) Pavlov’s perfect condition.\r\nIvan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) research on the digestive arrangement of dogs led to his discovery of the classical learn process which demonstrated that the watch process could be used to make an a ssociation between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus the underlying impression in classical teach is that behaviour can be controlled and that human beings can be made to do things without being aware of them just as Pavlov was able to condition a dog to drool at the sound of a bell.\r\nThis essay shows that the environment can be manipulated to pee the desired behaviour or response, for example in counselling the client can be conditioned to produce the desired result for example to undo a negative practice such as business concern. Pavlov’s researches into conditioned reflex were ininnate(p) to the founding of behaviour therapy (Jones, 2006). Sk inside(a)s Operant behaviouristic psychology\r\nB.F Skinner (1904-1990) was born in Susquehanna Pennsylvania. He came up with the concept of operant conditioning which demonstrated the effect of penalization and reinforcer on behaviour. According to him, reward and punishment make people coiffure in certain ways, arbitrary reinforcement aims to affix the frequency of a response by filling it with a favourable event (rewards) while negative reinforcement makes use of punishment, withdrawal of the rewards. The term ‘operant’ emphasizes the fact that behaviour operates on the environment to establish consequences.\r\n thus the consequences define the properties with respect to which responses are viewed as similar He acknowledge that Pavlov called all events that strengthened behaviour in his dog ‘reinforcement’ and the resulting changes their voluntary behaviour ‘conditioning’. However, the critical difference is that in Pavlov’s work, the reinforced is paired with stimulus, whereas in operant behaviour it is contingent upon a response. Classical and operant conditioning are the only deuce possible kinds of conditioning. (Jones, 2006) Albert Bandura‘s Social learning\r\nBandura(1925) was born and raised(a) in Mundare in Northern Alberta, Canada he graduated from the university of British Colombia with a psychology major and later received a doctorate in clinical psychology from university of IOWA and it was there that he came under the influence of behaviourist tradition and learning theory. He propagated social learning theory. It postulates that people are capable of learning vicariously by observing behaviourism of others as well as its consequences and imitating that behaviour. The key learning aspects include observation, retention, and motivational imitation. (Jones, 2006) Goals\r\nMain goal is to compose new condition for learning. The behavioural approach helps produce effective ways of managing conditions of the client through behaviour modifications techniques and the principles of reward and punishments. It is false that such learning regards can reconstitute behaviour. Assumptions\r\nThe main assumption of behavioural approach is that behaviours learnt can be unlearnt for example t he unimaginable behaviour such as smoke can be stopped. Techniques behavioural approaches use a variety of methods and techniques which include; informality cultivation, systematic desensitization, token economies just to diagnose a few. These training methods are often utilized to help people learn new ways and overcome dysfunctional behaviours. Relaxation training method aims at achieving muscles and mental relaxation, it is a useful experience in releasing physical and mental fatigue. While systematic desensitization is found on the principle of classical conditioning and is used to insure anxiety base on dysfunctional behaviour or avoidance reaction (Corey, 2001) Limitations and Weaknesses\r\nBehaviour transpose is based on the idea of learning and that behaviour can be learnt and unlearnt and re-learnt unrepentant opinions show that some behaviours are familial (genetic) also behavioural approach deals with a client’s current problems and the factors that inf luence them rather than the reasons leading to the problem or historical determinants. The counsellor assumes that the client’s problems are influenced by present conditions for example at time it ignores the important relative and historical factors of present behaviour. Cognitive behavioral Therapy\r\nIn its simplest form, cognitive behavioural therapy (or CBT as it is referred) refers to the approach of changing dysfunctional behaviours and thoughts to realistic and healthy ones. CBT encompasses several types of therapy foc apply on the clashing of an individual’s thought process as it relates to expressed behaviours. Such models include rational emotive therapy(RET),rational emotive behavioural therapy(REBT), behavioural therapy (BT), Rational Behaviour Therapy (RBT), abstract focused therapy and Cognitive therapy (CT).Most recently a few other variations have been linked to CBT such as an acceptance and committedness therapy (ACT), dialectic behavioural ther apy (DBT) and mindfulness based cognitive therapy ( MBCT) (Harrington and Pickles,2009). The main aspect that all these branches of therapy share is that our thought relate to our away behaviours.\r\nExternal events and individuals do not cause the negative thoughts or feelings. But preferably the perception of events and situations is the root cause (National tie beam of Cognitive Behavioural therapists 2010) Rational emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)\r\nAlbert Ellis (1913) was born in Pittsburgh he combined humanitarian, philosophic and behavioural therapy to form rational emotive therapy, (now known as rational emotive behaviour therapy or REBT) Ellis can be referred to as the grandad of cognitive therapy. Ellis became dissatisfied with practicing psychoanalysis and psychotherapy and began to focus more on philosophical beliefs including those that clients could change self-defeating behaviours by changing their points of View (P.333, Sharf, 2012) Ellis was the first to conn ect the impact of thoughts as they relate to behaviour when he published in 1962, Reason and sense psychotherapy (Walsh, 2010) Ellis work asserted that an individual’s underlying opinion about him/herself directly affected his/her behaviours and as a therapist his goal was to help the clients exit more reasonable in thoughts and last followed behaviours. Assumptions\r\nThe basic assumptions of REBT is that people contribute to their own psychological problem as well as to specific symptom by the way they interpret events and situations. The approach views human problem as stemming from disturbances in the thought or cognitive process which people are disturbed not by events themselves but by their view of events. Emotions are derived from our beliefs, evaluation, interpretation and reactions to life situations and that changing these will lead to a change in how we feel about things and consequently how we behave or the actions we take (Corey 2005) The approaches teaches individuals to become rational in thoughts in order to eliminate irresponsible behaviour Ellis created the A-B-C theory based model to create changes which simply states that frantic and behavioural consequences (C) are the results activating events.\r\n(A) And irrational beliefs (B) of those events. Later D and E are bought into play with (D) representing the detecting and disputing element and (E) becomes the new effect or behaviour. Other techniques used in REBT that are major lot of CBT are visualizations, skill training, provision and role playing many believe that Elli’s REBT and Beck’s cognitive are very similar, however, Ellis disputes this and argues that there are significant differences, as do some therapists who take the side of Beck and favour cognitive therapy (Padesky and Beck, 2003,2007) Cognitive speculation\r\nAaron T. Beck (6 1921) was born in Providence, Rhode Island. His childhood was characterized by adversity. Aaron Becks is widely renowned for his contribution to CBT. In the 1960s Becks, who initially was interested in depression, found the depressed individuals carried many biases in their cognitive processing leading him to create Cognitive possible action (C.T) (Burns, 1999.) Beck spy that individuals read an â€Å" familiar communication system in spite of appearance themselves, from which they formed their beliefs” or what Beck called schema (Shard, p371). An individual’s schema represents their distorted thinking patterns and determines how they view or perceive events. For those that are depressed, the schema often consists of negative thoughts along with self-criticism and self-blame. More specifically, this cognitive schema presented â€Å"three basic themes of personal ineffectiveness, personal degradation, and the world is essentially an unpleasant place (Walsh, 2010).”\r\nThis type of thinking commonly resulted in individuals prophesying trial and disaster for themselves. He also noticed during therapy that his depressed clients consistently dismissed substantiating thoughts in order to focus on the negative thoughts. Many of such thoughts seemed to be robotlike and spontaneous, leading him to coin the develop ANTs better known as automatic negative thoughts. Such thoughts, ideas and beliefs resulted in clients believe that they were unlovable, worthless, and despicable. In 1976, Beck published Cognitive Therapies and the randy Disorders leading others to take notice of this concept. He also contributed to the field greatly with some of the most well-known and utilized assessments such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSS), Beck anxiety scales (BAI), and the Beck youth inventories of social impairment (BYI).\r\nGoal\r\nCognitive therapy teaches clients how to think about their thinking so that they can correct improper cognitive processing and develop assumptions that allow the m to cope. It also aims to impact behavioural skills relevant to client’s problems for example earshot and communication skills for distressed couples and assertion skills for diffident people (Jones, 2006) Technique\r\nCognitive Behavioural Therapy is directive and persuasive and even confrontive, though it can also be contemplative and organize in its approach (Corsini and conjugal union 1995) the therapists takes on the role of a teacher pointing out distorted thinking assist the clients tell apart and process emotions and practicing new skills by way of role play. In cognitive therapy, There is a heavy assent on homework assignments and it is very much skill based method. Limitations\r\nCBT does not get everyone and it is not helpful for all conditions. You indispensableness to be committed and persistent in tackling and improving your health problem with the help of the therapist. It can be hard work. The homework may be difficult and challenging. You may be taken ‘out of your comfort zone’ when tackling situations which cause anxiety or distress. However, many people have greatly benefited from a course of CBT. In order to benefit from cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) you enquire to ensure that you earn a coarse level of commitment and involvement. Due to the structured nature of CBT, it may not be suitable for people who have more involved mental health implys, or learning difficulties. Cognitive Behaviour modification\r\nDonald Meichenbaum was another major alternative to rational emotive behaviour (CBM) which focuses on changing clients self-verbalization, according to Meichenbaum (1977), self-statements affect a person’s behaviours in much the self akin(prenominal) way as statements made by another person the therapeutic process consists of training clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope more effectively with the problems they encounter. Emphasis on getting practica l coping skills for problematic situations such as impulsive and aggressive behaviour, fear of taking tests, fear of public speaking. On how behaviour changes, he describes three phases one being self-observant, here clients observe their behaviours by audition to themselves then phase two is for starting a new internal dialogue, here clients learn to notice the maladaptive behaviours and begin to see opportunities for adaptive behavioural alternatives. Phase three for learning new skills. Then modification process consists of statement client more effective skills. Assumptions\r\nMeichenbaum operates on the assumption that there are eightfold realities and one of the therapeutic tasks is to help clients take account how they construct their realities and how they author their stories (Corey 2001). humanist Theory\r\nhuman-centred theory focuses on the positive attributes to what they considered it is to be human. To better understand some of the attributes and notions of humani stic theory the following paper analysis’s two humanistic theories in turn; specifically Maslow’s conception of self-actualization and Rogers phenomenological based personality theory. This is followed by discussing some strengths and limitations to humanistic theories in taking into custody relationships, others and the self. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of inescapably\r\nAccording to Abraham Maslow our actions are motivated in order to achieve certain contains using a pyramid model to vaunt the power structure of human needs he suggests that people are motivated to replete the basic needs before travel on to other more advanced(a) needs. Needs at the bottom of the hierarchy are basic physical requirements including need of water, sleep, air and warmth. Once this lower level needs have been met. People can move to the next level of needs which are safety and security.as people come up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. So onc e the need for love, friendship and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization which is a process of ripening and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential. This Hierarchy of needs was presented in the formation of a triangle Person-Centred\r\nAmerican psychologist Carl Rogers (1902-1987) is often considered to be founder of this school of thought. Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. Carl was the fourth of 6 children. He maintained there were three conditions which constitute the climate to promote the personal growth Genuineness: this is the realness and congruence. According to Rogers the more a counsellor is real and true in the relationship and is not putting up personal façade and professional face the more the client will change positively. Unconditional compulsory Regard: This is the simple act of accept all traits and behaviours in the client as long as it does not entail causing significant harm to others.\r\n compulsive regard is not withdrawn if the client does wrong or makes a stray Empathy: Rogers believed that the counsellor should experience an accurate thought of the client’s awareness of his own experience and show this understanding to the client. Carl Rogers believed that the client by establishing a productive relationship with an understanding counsellor can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. Assumption\r\nThe main assumption is one that human beings are good and contemptible towards good provided the environment is supportive and two ,people have the capacity to solve their own problems through the self-actualizing tendency and thirdly human beings are unique, singular and individual. Techniques\r\n humanitarian counselling is aimed at helping the counselling client make different choices. This type of counselling gives the client as much granting immunity to be himself in the counselling move as possible. The counsellor’s role is to accept the client as she is and direct her to view her choices objectively, but not to trim down choices on her or direct her behaviour in any particular manner. humanist counselling includes busy listening, gestalt techniques and no confrontational questioning. Active Listening Active listening helps the client identify his own thoughts and feelings by summarizing for him the content or subtext of what he says.\r\nFor example, if the client says he feels uncreative lately, the counsellor capacity comment, â€Å"You’re really having a ironical spell,” or â€Å"It must be thwart not to have any ideas when you necessity to work.” This gives the client a sense of visiblenessâ€the counsellor sees, understands and accepts who he really isâ€as well as putting a specific name to what he is experiencing. In some cases, this gives the client new abilities to identify his own feelings outside of the therapy room. When using active listening, counsellors should be careful to reword emotional content rather than repeating it verbatim, as the latter technique can come off as glib or â€Å"not really listening.” Gestalt Techniques\r\nGestalt techniques are a subset of humanistic counselling aimed at helping the client integrate her thoughts, feelings and experiences so her behaviour is consistent with her values and emotions, according to psychological science Today Treatment Centre. Common gestalt techniques include dislodge association and psychodrama. In free association, the client is asked to say the first word or phrase that pops into her head in response to a word, phrase or incomplete sentence. Psychodrama involves dialoguing with aspects of the self, such as the inner child. Clients may be asked to switch from one seat to another in order to speak from the point of view of each s uch aspect or to write out dialogues between these aspects. Open-Ended Questions\r\n enquire open-ended questions helps the client delve deeper into his own thoughts about an issue. These questions provide a starting point for deeper thought without expressing the counsellor’s point of view, which could unduly influence the client. The questions require the client to say something more than â€Å"yes” or â€Å"no” and avoid language that might lead him to a particular answer. Strengths and Weaknesses of Humanistic Theories\r\nAs with every theory knowing for application in the understanding of mankind, Humanistic theories have both strengths and many weaknesses. Thus the following section will address the major strengths and weaknesses of Humanistic theory in turn. i of the major strengths attributed to Humanistic theory is the idea that the subject is fully accountable and in control of their actions. This is in naked contrast to the notions behind psychoana lysis. Leading from this assumption is the notion that humanistic theories promote the idea of being human, self-fulfilment and realistic and observable goals that can be obtained. A concluding strength to Humanistic theory is the idea that from a clinical perspective it offers an open space in which a patent can express any feeling of thought without being led down a path to revisit traumatic events which they may not feel comfortable discussing.\r\nOne of the major weaknesses with Humanistic theories is lack of a posteriori evidence to support its claims. Academics such as Maslow have been widely criticized in this respect in terms of an absence of scientific empirical evidence. A further and relate criticism of Humanistic theories is their inability and ineptitude to be used within a metaphysical arena. While Freud and contemporary Freudians managed to move towards ethics and morality through the same criticism of lack of empirical evidence, Humanistic theories have yet to en croach on the metaphysical subject area. A final criticism of Humanistic theories is that many professionals view this discipline as motivated by the cold realities of psychoanalysis and is a discipline which is based on the resistance of the unconscious; furthermore the discipline has seemed to be in decline in recent history. mop up\r\nI have come to the conclusion that all the four techniques are complementary and one can draw from each, and that the four approaches of psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioural, behaviourism, and humanistic psychology, represent the inherent ways of viewing human beings and their behavioural problems. It is therefore important to get an understanding of all the techniques so as to know how to help clients with varied problems solve them. I therefore prefer Eclecticism as it acknowledges the human being is a complex being and a single approach cannot be sufficient enough to put up for this complexity.\r\nI recommend that a therapist/counsellor gets proper knowledge and training of all the theories in order to be able to counsel a client effectively. Cognitive behavioural approaches deals mainly with what is conscience and evident to the client in my view more research needs to be done and the emphasis should be more on exploring past emotional galled feelings experienced during development period. Which I believe will help the client experience them afresh, address and work on them and in so doing resolve the issues by changing their defective thinking and behaviours.\r\nReferences\r\n1. BAC, 2009. The BACP definition of counselling [online] Lutterworth,Leicestershire: BAC 2. British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 1986, â€Å"Counselling-Definition of terms in use with expansion\r\nand rationale (Information Sheet 1)”, Rugby: British Association for Counselling. 3. Burns, D. D. (1993). Ten Days to Self-Esteem. New York: Quill. 1999. revise edition. 4. Corey, G, (2005) Theory and Practice of Counselling a nd Psychotherapy, seventh Edition, Belmont: Brooks/Cole. 5. Corey. (2001). Case approach to counselling and psychotherapy (5th. ed.). Australia: Brooks/Cole. 6. Corsini R.J. & hook up with D, eds, (1995) rate of flow Psychotherapies, 5th Edition, Itasca: F.E.Peacock. 7. Corsini, & Wedding. (1995). Current psychotherapies (5th ed.). Itasca, Ill: F.E. Peacock Publishers. 8. Douglas Woods, (2011) â€Å"What is Counselling”http://www.dougwoods.com/counselling.html 9. Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"Sigmund Freud.” Wikipedia, the bring out Encyclopaedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia. 10. Freud, S. 1933. New introductory lectures on Psychoanalysis. Standard Edition of the Complete psychological Works .New York: W.W. Norton. BF173 .F645 1966 11. Freud, Sigmund (1962). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, trans. James Strachey. New York: Basic Books 12. Richard Nelson Jones (2006). Theory and Practice of counselling and Therapy : Sage Publications 13. Hansen, J.C., Rossberg, R.H., Cramer, S.H (1994) Counselling Theory and Process, 5th Edition, Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon. 14. Hough M, 2002; A Practical Approach to Counselling, 2nd Edition, Harlow: Pearson. 15. Rogers, C. R., & American Personnel and Guidance. (1980). Inner world of counselling with Carl Rogers. New York: Insight Media. 16. Rogers, C. R., & American Personnel and Guidance. (1980). Inner world of counselling with Carl Rogers. New York: Insight Media. 17. Spurling, L. (2004) An Introduction to Psychodynamic Counselling London: Palgrave.\r\n'