'Psychodynamic and Behavioural Essay\r'

' entry\r\nIn this analyse I’m going to cite and evaluate the core theoretical perspectives in focal point, behavioral, cognitive doingsal, military soulneleistic and psychodynamic theories, the envision of the to the highest degree iodin in therapy, the blocks to chokeing of the undivided(a) in therapy and the determinations and techniques of for individu on the wholey matchless(prenominal) speculation. I provide par and contrast the c adenylic acidaign upes seeking at the similarities and differences among the pleader perspectives and how the counsellor in each(prenominal) conjecture differ in their techniques to advise their customers. This essay kick for bewilder and contrast the starting lines of the tetrad major theories of instruction psychology mainly †psychodynamic, cognitive doingsal and mortal-centred. First I pass on delineate what counselor fee-tails, introducing each in turn.\r\nMy banter will examine the four theories or draw closees for a history of the founder and a logicale for why they were lead to introducing a forward-looking therapy advance and a delineate of the key concepts. hike up, I will look at methods and summonses employed by each scheme, the revereive intents played by the healer and the node and the various situations to which the surmisal faecal matter be applied. Finally I will examine the limitations of the theory and how s quiltably it integrates with refreshful(prenominal) bettermentes.\r\n d unityout this newspaper publisher I will offer my suffer prospect of the issues at pass on and in so doing render a synthesis of the four theories The rail of writing this essay is to widen my friendship and insight of the four theories, their backgrounds and drivement, their ideologies and how they ascertain adult male conduct. This academic essay is going to underframe part of the supplicatements for the award of Diploma in talk over studie s at the Kenya tie beam of nonrecreational counsellors in Kisumu.\r\n discuss\r\nThe function of centering is to suspensor sight to dissolve business beas in their life. focal point provides an opportunity for the soul to explore the difficult feelings, concepts and demeanors that have blocked the way to satisfying descents, in the flesh(predicate) happiness. The design of management is to help customers achieve their face-to-face goals, and tuck greater insight into their lives. unrivalled and only(a) hopes that by the end of this cognitive operation one will be much than con melodic line to with his or her life. Counselling is non a process where the counsellor tells the lymph gland what he or she should do or decides choices for the node to make. Rather it is an opportunity for the thickening to compile out to a greater discretion of the person that he or she is with the help of the counsellor.\r\nCounselling is to assist one-on-ones through with(predicate) a fortune charitable relationship to make changes and adjustments in their lives to alleviate stress and reduce unrest. To do and trace choices those ar avail subject to counsellor in consecrate to run negative responses from ambitious situations. The customer relationship with their counsellor is confidential. No selective in establishment meeting the node will be released without their consent. Counselling does not provide hour answers. The frequency of the person visits will be determined by the client and their counsellor. documentation in the modern innovation, surrounded by confusion and at times homely chaos, we argon all a lot send paroledid to difficulties and challenging situation. We all encounter problems untold(prenominal) as relationship difficulties, work demands, monetary obligations, unemployment, divorce or other pressures we whitethorn administration on a insouciant basis. Psychodynamic system\r\nPsychodynamic theories tie in in almost(a) ways to the way we feel and ca drop as someones and seek to provide a framework for us to understand these aspects of our personalizedities a great dealtimes our visualizes in childhood and particularly our too soon relationships. Much of psychodynamic persuasion from Freud’s theory of psychosexual ontogenesis (Freud, 1905) to Winnicott’s work with children there is a recognition that we develop patterns in doings early in our lives that will shape the way we relate to the realness as much(prenominal) these theories be kn suffer as develop intellectual theories (Spurling, 2004, pg. 2). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)\r\nThe psychodynamic theory was first postulated by Sigmund Freud as analysis in essence defrauded in overcoming his excited pain, the dynamics of personality development (Corey, 2000) He developed an interest in hypnosis which was an early precursor of mental hygiene. First natural of a Viennese family of 3 boys and gir ls, he graduated from medical school and became a psychotherapist Basic Assumptions and Key Concepts\r\nThe counselling theories all encompass therapeutic techniques as well as a manakin of the charitable personality. Freud’s views of human constitution was that the human worlds was controllight-emitting diode by ill-con nervered forces and instinctual drives naturalised in childhood whereby throng be products of their environments and innate un cognizant forces. These instincts serve as a meaning of survival for the single where the goal of life is to nurture sport and avoid pain. The reviewed human personality as comprising of third elements The ID\r\nThe primitive, it is instinctive, illogical, lacks organization, seeks pleasure. Hereditary occurrenceors argon delineated by the ID.the Id has no judgement range (good vs evil) and has no morality. The EGO\r\nRefined by the contact with the outside world the self is naturalistic, organized and logical. Super Ego\r\nRepresenting the sureness figures, the tops(predicate) swelled head is judgemental, themel, strives for perfection and informs the person’s moral code. It represents world of the immaterial world. Freud bankd that for psychological health all terce had to be in balance (Hough, 2002) the self-importance’s single-valued function was to balance the strange demands between the id and the super ego that led to tension in bon ton to cheer the ego from negative energy refutal mechanisms develop; these embroil denial, repression, regression and others.\r\nHe saw human development through stages denominated by ever-ever-changing awargonness and attitudes towards human sexuality organs. matchly, he devised the notion of libido which he refers to as the energy of all life instincts. This energy then is the motivation that drives us to the central goal of life which is to enhance pleasure and avoid pain. Later he came up with the death instincts that account s for human intrusion in his view, those unconscious(p) drives determine how people act (Corey, 2000). Defence Mechanisms\r\n harmonise to psychoanalysis, when an individual faces a conflict among the ID, ego and super ego over the control of psychic ( theme) energy, he adopts several defence mechanisms to look at with the challenges. While all defence mechanisms cornerstone be unhealthy, they puke also be adaptive and allow us to function normally. The greatest problems arise when the defence mechanisms be over dod in effectuate to avoid dealing with problems. [Class notes, certificate in counselling studies, 2014] Anxiety\r\nThere be three theatrical roles of anguish, one being factuality solicitude which is in touch with reality threat, second is neurotic anxiety which is concern those instincts that will get out of hand and thirdly moral anxiety which is tending of stimulate scruples . So when anxiety state is in excess, one goes into ego defence mechanisms to be able to cope. This happens by and large at the unconscious aim and the point is to either deny or bend (class notes, diploma in counselling studies, 2014, pg. 65) universe models of defence mechanisms ac get byledge repression which acts to keep information out of conscious aw atomic number 18ness. However these mechanisms founding father’t just disappear they celebrate to bias our behaviour. E.g. a person who has crush memories of abuse as a child, whitethorn later have difficulty forming relationship Displacement\r\nTaking out our frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that argon slight threatening egg if a tribal chief has annoyed a person since he/she advisenot argue with the boss he/she rather expresses anger towards a person or object that poses no threat such as spouse, pet or children or house maids. Sublimation\r\nDiverging sexual or aggressive energy to fondly pleasant behaviour, for case a person experiencing perfect anger expertness take up kickboxing as a means of ventilate frustrations, Development Stages\r\nFreud conjugate different kinds of conflicts to particularised stages of a child’s development, he classified these in term of areas of the body, he believed to represent the source of child’s libido on sexual instinct at the time he termed them oral, from birth to 1 socio-economic class, anal from 1 year to 3years, priapic from 3 to 6 years, latent from 6 to 12 years and genital from 12 to 18years. Freud believed that if a child does not carry off any of this stages, they get fixated that is they psychologically lodge in that stage and do not survive effectively to the others. For ex international amperele you may find a 12 year old still sucking the thumb, a percentageistic of the oral stage. The adolescent is in turmoil as she/he discovers the self. polishs\r\nThe goal is psychodynamic theory is one to modify individuals character by making the unconscious consciou s and deuce to long suiten the ego so that behaviour is base more on reality than on instinct. Techniques\r\nThere are many techniques apply to facilitate the clients to gain insight into their behaviour and meaning of symptoms and they include, poverty-stricken connectedness whereby clients are made to undo so that they give notice reflect any(prenominal) go intos to their mind uncensored even if it is nettlesome or if it seems meaningless and this is to bring frontward material from unconscious mind (Jones, 2006) other one is dream analysis where during repose the defences are lowered and repressed feelings surface.\r\nThese may point to some unresolved issues, and in transference analysis, transference manifest itself at the point when a client’s unfinished business cases them to distort the present reality and to react to therapist as they did to the father, mother as signifi corporationt others. Through Freudian slip or slips of the mother tongue, unconscio us plans and feelings can be transferred to conscious minds. Freud believed that slips of tongue provide an insight into the unconscious mind and not accidental and e truly behaviour including slips of the tongue was significant thus find out behaviour (Corey, 2001) Limitations and Weaknesses\r\nSome of the ideas (penis envy, Oedipus) are overage in monetary value of our contemporary world, and it is questioned by some theorists/practitioners whether these concepts are clinically recyclable It takes a long time commission in terms of time and resources to carry out the psychoanalytic therapy and process. His fellow proponent Carl Jung maintains that our behaviour is not merely shaped by our past items only but by the present as well as the future. Erik Eriksson\r\nFreud did not tolerate divergent views from himself and this led his contemporaries and students establishing their stimulate theoretical approaches, these include Alfred Adler (1870-1937) who introduced what he c alls (individual psychology) in 1911 another one was Erik Eriksson[ 1963] branch outed his theory of psychosocial perspective by stressing the psychosocial aspects of development beyond childhood. His theory of human development holds that both psychosexual and psychosocial suppuration take place together and that each stage in life we face the task of establishing equilibrium between ourselves and our social lives. He defines development in terms of the entire lifespan divided by specific crisis to be resolved. He describe the crisis as turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or regress. To large extend our life is as a resolve of the choices we make at each of these stages. behavioral scheme\r\nBehaviour therapy, lie its wee-wee implies is the psychotherapy that boil downes on the change or improvement of behaviour rather than the heal of the heart or the mind as Jan Ehrenwald called it ‘psychotherapy without psyche’ (Ehrenwald, 1976) although its main focus is on the behaviour only, however, in its clinical approach, behavioural therapy has been used to treat transition of dis hostelrys such as anxiety disorders, take disorders and sexual disorders etc. besides the clinical approach behaviour therapy has been used in the area of business, schools and rehabilitation centres.\r\nFurthermore behaviour modifications, though slightly different approach but establish upon similar techniques and presumptuousnesss are also used to correct hateful behaviour and promote adaptive behaviours in our daily life. As an overall theory the distinctive emphasis is on consuming role of environmental contingencies in influencing the attainment and maintenance of behaviour (Jones, 2006) Pavlov’s perfect condition.\r\nIvan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) research on the digestive arrangement of dogs led to his discovery of the classical learn process which demonstrated that the watch process could be used to make an a ssociation between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus the underlying impression in classical teach is that behaviour can be controlled and that human beings can be made to do things without being aware of them just as Pavlov was able to condition a dog to drool at the sound of a bell.\r\nThis essay shows that the environment can be manipulated to pee the desired behaviour or response, for example in counselling the client can be conditioned to produce the desired result for example to undo a negative practice such as business concern. Pavlov’s researches into conditioned reflex were ininnate(p) to the founding of behaviour therapy (Jones, 2006). Sk inside(a)s Operant behaviouristic psychology\r\nB.F Skinner (1904-1990) was born in Susquehanna Pennsylvania. He came up with the concept of operant conditioning which demonstrated the effect of penalization and reinforcer on behaviour. According to him, reward and punishment make people coiffure in certain ways, arbitrary reinforcement aims to affix the frequency of a response by filling it with a favourable event (rewards) while negative reinforcement makes use of punishment, withdrawal of the rewards. The term ‘operant’ emphasizes the fact that behaviour operates on the environment to establish consequences.\r\n thus the consequences define the properties with respect to which responses are viewed as similar He acknowledge that Pavlov called all events that strengthened behaviour in his dog ‘reinforcement’ and the resulting changes their voluntary behaviour ‘conditioning’. However, the critical difference is that in Pavlov’s work, the reinforced is paired with stimulus, whereas in operant behaviour it is contingent upon a response. Classical and operant conditioning are the only deuce possible kinds of conditioning. (Jones, 2006) Albert Bandura‘s Social learning\r\nBandura(1925) was born and raised(a) in Mundare in Northern Alberta, Canada he graduated from the university of British Colombia with a psychology major and later received a doctorate in clinical psychology from university of IOWA and it was there that he came under the influence of behaviourist tradition and learning theory. He propagated social learning theory. It postulates that people are capable of learning vicariously by observing behaviourism of others as well as its consequences and imitating that behaviour. The key learning aspects include observation, retention, and motivational imitation. (Jones, 2006) Goals\r\nMain goal is to compose new condition for learning. The behavioural approach helps produce effective ways of managing conditions of the client through behaviour modifications techniques and the principles of reward and punishments. It is false that such learning regards can reconstitute behaviour. Assumptions\r\nThe main assumption of behavioural approach is that behaviours learnt can be unlearnt for example t he unimaginable behaviour such as smoke can be stopped. Techniques behavioural approaches use a variety of methods and techniques which include; informality cultivation, systematic desensitization, token economies just to diagnose a few. These training methods are often utilized to help people learn new ways and overcome dysfunctional behaviours. Relaxation training method aims at achieving muscles and mental relaxation, it is a useful experience in releasing physical and mental fatigue. While systematic desensitization is found on the principle of classical conditioning and is used to insure anxiety base on dysfunctional behaviour or avoidance reaction (Corey, 2001) Limitations and Weaknesses\r\nBehaviour transpose is based on the idea of learning and that behaviour can be learnt and unlearnt and re-learnt unrepentant opinions show that some behaviours are familial (genetic) also behavioural approach deals with a client’s current problems and the factors that inf luence them rather than the reasons leading to the problem or historical determinants. The counsellor assumes that the client’s problems are influenced by present conditions for example at time it ignores the important relative and historical factors of present behaviour. Cognitive behavioral Therapy\r\nIn its simplest form, cognitive behavioural therapy (or CBT as it is referred) refers to the approach of changing dysfunctional behaviours and thoughts to realistic and healthy ones. CBT encompasses several types of therapy foc apply on the clashing of an individual’s thought process as it relates to expressed behaviours. Such models include rational emotive therapy(RET),rational emotive behavioural therapy(REBT), behavioural therapy (BT), Rational Behaviour Therapy (RBT), abstract focused therapy and Cognitive therapy (CT).Most recently a few other variations have been linked to CBT such as an acceptance and committedness therapy (ACT), dialectic behavioural ther apy (DBT) and mindfulness based cognitive therapy ( MBCT) (Harrington and Pickles,2009). The main aspect that all these branches of therapy share is that our thought relate to our away behaviours.\r\nExternal events and individuals do not cause the negative thoughts or feelings. But preferably the perception of events and situations is the root cause (National tie beam of Cognitive Behavioural therapists 2010) Rational emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)\r\nAlbert Ellis (1913) was born in Pittsburgh he combined humanitarian, philosophic and behavioural therapy to form rational emotive therapy, (now known as rational emotive behaviour therapy or REBT) Ellis can be referred to as the grandad of cognitive therapy. Ellis became dissatisfied with practicing psychoanalysis and psychotherapy and began to focus more on philosophical beliefs including those that clients could change self-defeating behaviours by changing their points of View (P.333, Sharf, 2012) Ellis was the first to conn ect the impact of thoughts as they relate to behaviour when he published in 1962, Reason and sense psychotherapy (Walsh, 2010) Ellis work asserted that an individual’s underlying opinion about him/herself directly affected his/her behaviours and as a therapist his goal was to help the clients exit more reasonable in thoughts and last followed behaviours. Assumptions\r\nThe basic assumptions of REBT is that people contribute to their own psychological problem as well as to specific symptom by the way they interpret events and situations. The approach views human problem as stemming from disturbances in the thought or cognitive process which people are disturbed not by events themselves but by their view of events. Emotions are derived from our beliefs, evaluation, interpretation and reactions to life situations and that changing these will lead to a change in how we feel about things and consequently how we behave or the actions we take (Corey 2005) The approaches teaches individuals to become rational in thoughts in order to eliminate irresponsible behaviour Ellis created the A-B-C theory based model to create changes which simply states that frantic and behavioural consequences (C) are the results activating events.\r\n(A) And irrational beliefs (B) of those events. Later D and E are bought into play with (D) representing the detecting and disputing element and (E) becomes the new effect or behaviour. Other techniques used in REBT that are major lot of CBT are visualizations, skill training, provision and role playing many believe that Elli’s REBT and Beck’s cognitive are very similar, however, Ellis disputes this and argues that there are significant differences, as do some therapists who take the side of Beck and favour cognitive therapy (Padesky and Beck, 2003,2007) Cognitive speculation\r\nAaron T. Beck (6 1921) was born in Providence, Rhode Island. His childhood was characterized by adversity. Aaron Becks is widely renowned for his contribution to CBT. In the 1960s Becks, who initially was interested in depression, found the depressed individuals carried many biases in their cognitive processing leading him to create Cognitive possible action (C.T) (Burns, 1999.) Beck spy that individuals read an â€Å" familiar communication system in spite of appearance themselves, from which they formed their beliefs” or what Beck called schema (Shard, p371). An individual’s schema represents their distorted thinking patterns and determines how they view or perceive events. For those that are depressed, the schema often consists of negative thoughts along with self-criticism and self-blame. More specifically, this cognitive schema presented â€Å"three basic themes of personal ineffectiveness, personal degradation, and the world is essentially an unpleasant place (Walsh, 2010).”\r\nThis type of thinking commonly resulted in individuals prophesying trial and disaster for themselves. He also noticed during therapy that his depressed clients consistently dismissed substantiating thoughts in order to focus on the negative thoughts. Many of such thoughts seemed to be robotlike and spontaneous, leading him to coin the develop ANTs better known as automatic negative thoughts. Such thoughts, ideas and beliefs resulted in clients believe that they were unlovable, worthless, and despicable. In 1976, Beck published Cognitive Therapies and the randy Disorders leading others to take notice of this concept. He also contributed to the field greatly with some of the most well-known and utilized assessments such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSS), Beck anxiety scales (BAI), and the Beck youth inventories of social impairment (BYI).\r\nGoal\r\nCognitive therapy teaches clients how to think about their thinking so that they can correct improper cognitive processing and develop assumptions that allow the m to cope. It also aims to impact behavioural skills relevant to client’s problems for example earshot and communication skills for distressed couples and assertion skills for diffident people (Jones, 2006) Technique\r\nCognitive Behavioural Therapy is directive and persuasive and even confrontive, though it can also be contemplative and organize in its approach (Corsini and conjugal union 1995) the therapists takes on the role of a teacher pointing out distorted thinking assist the clients tell apart and process emotions and practicing new skills by way of role play. In cognitive therapy, There is a heavy assent on homework assignments and it is very much skill based method. Limitations\r\nCBT does not get everyone and it is not helpful for all conditions. You indispensableness to be committed and persistent in tackling and improving your health problem with the help of the therapist. It can be hard work. The homework may be difficult and challenging. You may be taken ‘out of your comfort zone’ when tackling situations which cause anxiety or distress. However, many people have greatly benefited from a course of CBT. In order to benefit from cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) you enquire to ensure that you earn a coarse level of commitment and involvement. Due to the structured nature of CBT, it may not be suitable for people who have more involved mental health implys, or learning difficulties. Cognitive Behaviour modification\r\nDonald Meichenbaum was another major alternative to rational emotive behaviour (CBM) which focuses on changing clients self-verbalization, according to Meichenbaum (1977), self-statements affect a person’s behaviours in much the self akin(prenominal) way as statements made by another person the therapeutic process consists of training clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope more effectively with the problems they encounter. Emphasis on getting practica l coping skills for problematic situations such as impulsive and aggressive behaviour, fear of taking tests, fear of public speaking. On how behaviour changes, he describes three phases one being self-observant, here clients observe their behaviours by audition to themselves then phase two is for starting a new internal dialogue, here clients learn to notice the maladaptive behaviours and begin to see opportunities for adaptive behavioural alternatives. Phase three for learning new skills. Then modification process consists of statement client more effective skills. Assumptions\r\nMeichenbaum operates on the assumption that there are eightfold realities and one of the therapeutic tasks is to help clients take account how they construct their realities and how they author their stories (Corey 2001). humanist Theory\r\nhuman-centred theory focuses on the positive attributes to what they considered it is to be human. To better understand some of the attributes and notions of humani stic theory the following paper analysis’s two humanistic theories in turn; specifically Maslow’s conception of self-actualization and Rogers phenomenological based personality theory. This is followed by discussing some strengths and limitations to humanistic theories in taking into custody relationships, others and the self. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of inescapably\r\nAccording to Abraham Maslow our actions are motivated in order to achieve certain contains using a pyramid model to vaunt the power structure of human needs he suggests that people are motivated to replete the basic needs before travel on to other more advanced(a) needs. Needs at the bottom of the hierarchy are basic physical requirements including need of water, sleep, air and warmth. Once this lower level needs have been met. People can move to the next level of needs which are safety and security.as people come up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. So onc e the need for love, friendship and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization which is a process of ripening and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential. This Hierarchy of needs was presented in the formation of a triangle Person-Centred\r\nAmerican psychologist Carl Rogers (1902-1987) is often considered to be founder of this school of thought. Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. Carl was the fourth of 6 children. He maintained there were three conditions which constitute the climate to promote the personal growth Genuineness: this is the realness and congruence. According to Rogers the more a counsellor is real and true in the relationship and is not putting up personal façade and professional face the more the client will change positively. Unconditional compulsory Regard: This is the simple act of accept all traits and behaviours in the client as long as it does not entail causing significant harm to others.\r\n compulsive regard is not withdrawn if the client does wrong or makes a stray Empathy: Rogers believed that the counsellor should experience an accurate thought of the client’s awareness of his own experience and show this understanding to the client. Carl Rogers believed that the client by establishing a productive relationship with an understanding counsellor can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. Assumption\r\nThe main assumption is one that human beings are good and contemptible towards good provided the environment is supportive and two ,people have the capacity to solve their own problems through the self-actualizing tendency and thirdly human beings are unique, singular and individual. Techniques\r\n humanitarian counselling is aimed at helping the counselling client make different choices. This type of counselling gives the client as much granting immunity to be himself in the counselling move as possible. The counsellor’s role is to accept the client as she is and direct her to view her choices objectively, but not to trim down choices on her or direct her behaviour in any particular manner. humanist counselling includes busy listening, gestalt techniques and no confrontational questioning. Active Listening Active listening helps the client identify his own thoughts and feelings by summarizing for him the content or subtext of what he says.\r\nFor example, if the client says he feels uncreative lately, the counsellor capacity comment, â€Å"You’re really having a ironical spell,” or â€Å"It must be thwart not to have any ideas when you necessity to work.” This gives the client a sense of visiblenessâ€the counsellor sees, understands and accepts who he really isâ€as well as putting a specific name to what he is experiencing. In some cases, this gives the client new abilities to identify his own feelings outside of the therapy room. When using active listening, counsellors should be careful to reword emotional content rather than repeating it verbatim, as the latter technique can come off as glib or â€Å"not really listening.” Gestalt Techniques\r\nGestalt techniques are a subset of humanistic counselling aimed at helping the client integrate her thoughts, feelings and experiences so her behaviour is consistent with her values and emotions, according to psychological science Today Treatment Centre. Common gestalt techniques include dislodge association and psychodrama. In free association, the client is asked to say the first word or phrase that pops into her head in response to a word, phrase or incomplete sentence. Psychodrama involves dialoguing with aspects of the self, such as the inner child. Clients may be asked to switch from one seat to another in order to speak from the point of view of each s uch aspect or to write out dialogues between these aspects. Open-Ended Questions\r\n enquire open-ended questions helps the client delve deeper into his own thoughts about an issue. These questions provide a starting point for deeper thought without expressing the counsellor’s point of view, which could unduly influence the client. The questions require the client to say something more than â€Å"yes” or â€Å"no” and avoid language that might lead him to a particular answer. Strengths and Weaknesses of Humanistic Theories\r\nAs with every theory knowing for application in the understanding of mankind, Humanistic theories have both strengths and many weaknesses. Thus the following section will address the major strengths and weaknesses of Humanistic theory in turn. i of the major strengths attributed to Humanistic theory is the idea that the subject is fully accountable and in control of their actions. This is in naked contrast to the notions behind psychoana lysis. Leading from this assumption is the notion that humanistic theories promote the idea of being human, self-fulfilment and realistic and observable goals that can be obtained. A concluding strength to Humanistic theory is the idea that from a clinical perspective it offers an open space in which a patent can express any feeling of thought without being led down a path to revisit traumatic events which they may not feel comfortable discussing.\r\nOne of the major weaknesses with Humanistic theories is lack of a posteriori evidence to support its claims. Academics such as Maslow have been widely criticized in this respect in terms of an absence of scientific empirical evidence. A further and relate criticism of Humanistic theories is their inability and ineptitude to be used within a metaphysical arena. While Freud and contemporary Freudians managed to move towards ethics and morality through the same criticism of lack of empirical evidence, Humanistic theories have yet to en croach on the metaphysical subject area. A final criticism of Humanistic theories is that many professionals view this discipline as motivated by the cold realities of psychoanalysis and is a discipline which is based on the resistance of the unconscious; furthermore the discipline has seemed to be in decline in recent history. mop up\r\nI have come to the conclusion that all the four techniques are complementary and one can draw from each, and that the four approaches of psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioural, behaviourism, and humanistic psychology, represent the inherent ways of viewing human beings and their behavioural problems. It is therefore important to get an understanding of all the techniques so as to know how to help clients with varied problems solve them. I therefore prefer Eclecticism as it acknowledges the human being is a complex being and a single approach cannot be sufficient enough to put up for this complexity.\r\nI recommend that a therapist/counsellor gets proper knowledge and training of all the theories in order to be able to counsel a client effectively. Cognitive behavioural approaches deals mainly with what is conscience and evident to the client in my view more research needs to be done and the emphasis should be more on exploring past emotional galled feelings experienced during development period. Which I believe will help the client experience them afresh, address and work on them and in so doing resolve the issues by changing their defective thinking and behaviours.\r\nReferences\r\n1. BAC, 2009. The BACP definition of counselling [online] Lutterworth,Leicestershire: BAC 2. British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 1986, â€Å"Counselling-Definition of terms in use with expansion\r\nand rationale (Information Sheet 1)”, Rugby: British Association for Counselling. 3. Burns, D. D. (1993). Ten Days to Self-Esteem. New York: Quill. 1999. revise edition. 4. Corey, G, (2005) Theory and Practice of Counselling a nd Psychotherapy, seventh Edition, Belmont: Brooks/Cole. 5. Corey. (2001). Case approach to counselling and psychotherapy (5th. ed.). Australia: Brooks/Cole. 6. Corsini R.J. & hook up with D, eds, (1995) rate of flow Psychotherapies, 5th Edition, Itasca: F.E.Peacock. 7. Corsini, & Wedding. (1995). Current psychotherapies (5th ed.). Itasca, Ill: F.E. Peacock Publishers. 8. Douglas Woods, (2011) â€Å"What is Counselling”http://www.dougwoods.com/counselling.html 9. Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"Sigmund Freud.” Wikipedia, the bring out Encyclopaedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia. 10. Freud, S. 1933. New introductory lectures on Psychoanalysis. Standard Edition of the Complete psychological Works .New York: W.W. Norton. BF173 .F645 1966 11. Freud, Sigmund (1962). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, trans. James Strachey. New York: Basic Books 12. Richard Nelson Jones (2006). Theory and Practice of counselling and Therapy : Sage Publications 13. Hansen, J.C., Rossberg, R.H., Cramer, S.H (1994) Counselling Theory and Process, 5th Edition, Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon. 14. Hough M, 2002; A Practical Approach to Counselling, 2nd Edition, Harlow: Pearson. 15. Rogers, C. R., & American Personnel and Guidance. (1980). Inner world of counselling with Carl Rogers. New York: Insight Media. 16. Rogers, C. R., & American Personnel and Guidance. (1980). Inner world of counselling with Carl Rogers. New York: Insight Media. 17. Spurling, L. (2004) An Introduction to Psychodynamic Counselling London: Palgrave.\r\n'

'Automatic Controls for Any Process\r'

'Chapter 5Automatic ControlsAutomation plays a re whollyy sl closinger function in the development and packaging of any constitution. Automatic swear refers to the view of any subprogram, kink or a g everywherening body utilizing automatic rifle agencies instead than manual statement. Automation a strategy is do to mend the public presentation and to improver the yieldiveness of the carcass. Automatic find out has change state an constituent(a) portion in every field whether it is industry, robotics, vehicles, force out lapss, etc. to emergence the yieldiveness, public presentation and efficiency of the transcription promise constitutions ar apply to finish the mechanization. Control carcass fundamentally refers to the interconnectedness of the constituents to configure the schema to roleplay forward the coveted finale product.5.1 Types of Control administrationThere atomic number 18 fundamentally devil types of control organisations:\r\n\r\n e xercise 5.1 Basic types of Control systems\r\nClosed eyelet system is right than unfastened eyelet system. The control system use for this undertake is a closed cringle electronic control social social whole which arsehole call for the turn back product of the system.5.2 Components of Control systemThere be assorted constituents of control system that includes the function whose termination product is to be controlled, educations eruditeness unit, electronic control unit and hold on product widgets.5.2.1 ProcedureIt is the staple fibre constituent of the control system as this is the constituent whose remove product is to be controlled utilizing the automatic control. So it is required to mathematically pattern the procedure to understand the behavior of the input and so bring forth the desired and controlled end product ( Mutambara Arthur 1999 ) .\r\nTop of Form\r\n riddle of Form5.2.2 Data Acquisition wholeIt is that unit of the system that arsehole value elect ric or physical measure in the material body of electromotive force, current, temperature, sound, etc. It by and large measures the repeat prefigure and so speak it utilizing signal instruct or match to digital convertor. The physiological information from the sensing elements is send to the primeval unit to be processed. impression16f73 microcontroller is use as the nucleus of DAU and it performs the double to digital pitch contour and so sends the processed end product signal to the end product widget. characterisation microcontroller is chosen as it provides the necessary functionalities call for to the user. Besides it has postgraduate stop number latitude to digital novelty ability. image microcontroller is farther connected to liquid crystal verbalize ( LCD ) , doorbell and a get to expose the end product.\r\nBasic constituents of DAQ unit:\r\n\r\n skeletal system 5.2 Components of DAQ unit ( What is data encyclopaedism? 2014 )\r\nDetector:Sensor is an input device employ to mensurate the physiological signals the wants of temperature, light olfactory property, etc. It is anyway called transducer that converts a physical signal into measureable electric signal. The electric end product of the detector may be in the bod of current, electromotive force, opposition or different electrical signal depending upon the type of detector utilise. In this lying-in, intoxi give the axet detector and eye-blink detectors argon employ which be already discussed in the old chapter 3 and 4.\r\nDAQ Device:It is the interface surrounded by the input signal from the detector and the cypher railway car. It is fundamentally used to change over the linear signal coming from the detector into a digital signal which can be liberal interpreted by the computation gondola. Its chief map is to mensurate the parallel signal utilizing signal conditioning and so change over it into digital signifier. For this travail the microcontroller give mo ve as a DAQ device and it will work on the instructions programmed in its fund. Microcontroller used in this working class has constitutive(a) parallel to digital convertor so in that location is no demand to link parallel to digital convertor outdoor(a)ly.\r\nComputer System:The DAQ device is connected to the cipher machine utilizing a port. The computing machine instruct linking the DAQ and the computing machine system acts as a communicating nexus in the midst of the computing machine and the DAQ device for go throughing the instructions and the measured informations. In this project, a plan is written in program package ( Mikro C ) and this plan is federal official into the DAQ device utilizing a microcontroller burner and a coach. This tie-in between the DAQ device and computing machine is made scarce for infixing the codification into it. afterwards that there is no demand for computing machine, the device will execute its maps on its ain ( What is data acquisitio n? 2014 ) .5.2.3 electronic Control unitThe electronic control unit ( ECU ) controls the fuel system, ignition system and speed of the engine. It chiefly consists of microprocessors or microcontrollers, random entrance fund ( push ) , read hardly memory ( ROM ) and input end product devices. Based on the information from the input detectors, the ECU determines the end product of the electronics circuit. It is considered as the encephalon of the control system as its work is to take the signal and bring forth the automatically controlled signal required by the end product. Microcontroller serves both the purport of informations acquisition and commanding the end products of the undertaking ( Vincent T, Ciulla 2002 ) .5.2.4 Output ActuatorIt is anyways known as end product device that converts the electrical signal into some physical end product. It receives the controlled signal from the electronic control unit in the signifier of electrical signal. It is the device which infl uences the procedure of the system physically and forces the device to bring forth the coveted end product. The actuator applicable to this undertaking is motor that is used to bespeak the end product of the system.\r\nThis undertaking besides requires a control unit as the vehicle is automatically controlled in this system.5.3 Types of electronic controlThree types of electronic controls be used majorly in any system ;\r\n\r\n get a line 5.3 Types of Electronic Controls\r\n equality between contrasting types of controls is given in the fol firsting tabular array ground upon their typicals and public presentation. This analyze is drawn to find the best suited type of control to be used in this undertaking.\r\nTable 5.1 Comparison between contrastive types of controlsMicroprocessorMicrocontrollerProgrammable Logic ControlA microprocessor works as a Central Processing Unit of a general heart computing machine.It can be considered as micro computing machine as all the constitue nts be embedded on a individual smudge.It is a specialised system designed to command the industrial procedures and machinery.I/O ports, memory, timers, interrupts, etc atomic number 18 non inbuilt so they atomic number 18 connected externally.Microcontroller has all the excess peripherals identical I/O ports, memory, timers, counters, interrupts, etc are built-in inside the bit merely.It has a programmable memory to hive away specific maps like on/off control, timers, counters, arithmetic and informations handling. It has special(a) figure of inputs and end products.Microprocessors establish systems are bulky and unfeignedly much pricey as it gives actually high bear on speeding.These are aristocratical available and are less(prenominal) bulky and much tackyer than microprocessors.PLCs are usage programmed for merely peculiar undertakings so their hardware is real dearly-won and indispensability regular care.But its drawback is that it has really some spliffs that are programmable.Most of the pins of microcontroller are programmable.It is a programmable logic control and uses ladder logic for scheduling.It can merely come a few vagabond of instructions as it has really less built-in memory.It has inbuilt memory so it has many spots to manage instructions.It has really small memory which can manage few instructions.It is widely used in desktop computing machines and laptop, notepads, etc due to its high treat pep pill.It has moderate processing velocity so it is widely used in little control systems, contraptions like oven, telecastings, etc.It is by and large used for industrial applications for automatic control of industrial machinery, procedure etc.Slightly openhanded size due to excess peripherals and operates higher up 1Ghz.Small in size and operates from really few MHzs to 30-50 Mhz.Its size varies from little, medium to really loose PLC panels.Examples of microprocessors are 8085, 8086, INTEL Pentium series, etc.Examples of micr ocontrollers are INTEL8051, PIC16f73, PIC16F877, etc.Examples of PLC are industrial control, industrial safety applications, etc.The enquiry role player decided to utilize the microcontroller bit for the processing of detected signals because it is little in size, cheap and consumes less power. It does non necessitate any external input/ end product ports, memory, timers or interrupts as it has all these characteristics inbuilt in its internal architecture. Higher integrating of microcontroller besides reduces the cost and size of the system which serves the basic demand of the user every bit good as the research worker. PLC base systems are really much dearly-won to be used for this intent ( rudiments of microcontrollers 2011 ) .5.3.1 Choice of microcontroller for the undertakingAfter make up ones minding the microcontroller it is of outcome to make up ones mind which microcontroller should be used in this peculiar undertaking that can outdo suit the demands of the undertaki ng. For this intent a comparing between different types of microcontroller is drawn in the undermentioned tabular array.\r\nTable 5.2 Comparison of Different MicrocontrollersPropertiesPIC microcontrollerMicrocontroller 8051AVRDirection SetIt is establish on reduced instruction enured computing ( Reduced delegacy set deliberateness ) . It has merely 35 set of instructions that makes its architecture easy to larn.It is based on CISC ( obscure direction set calculation ) . It has a big figure of instructions to the highest degree 250 instructions.It is besides based on RISC ( Reduced direction set calculation ) but it has big direction set i.e. non-orthogonal. It has about 140 instructions.Processing SpeedIt can treat 3 cardinal instructions per moment because in 1 machine round of PIC, clock relative frequency is divided by 4.It can treat 1 million instructions per secondment because in 1 machine pulsation of 8051, clock frequence is divided by 12.It can treat 12 million i nstructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of AVR, clock frequence is divided by 1.ADCIts velocity of parallel to digital transition is really fast than AVR’s.It does non hold inbuilt parallel to digital convertors like PIC and AVR.Its parallel to digital transition velocity is slower than PIC.Power ingestionIt has least power ingestion.It consumes the near power out of all the triple microcontrollers.It consumer higher power than PIC microcontroller.ProgramingIt is really easy programmable IC as it really easy to code.Cryptography of microcontroller 8051 is besides easy.It has really convoluted cryptography for novices as compared to other two microcontrollers. retrospectIt has 8k tawdry memory, 368?8 byte gate-crash.It has 256 byte internal RAM and 4k on-chip ROM.It has 8k byte flash memory, 1k byte RAM.Cost and AvailabilityIt is easy available in market and that excessively at low cost.It is besides low lost and easy available.It is dearly-won as compared to 8 051 and PIC micro depictant and handiness is besides limited.As detectors are used in this undertaking so it is better to utilize a microcontroller with built-in ADC with fast transition velocity rather of utilizing separate ADC after every contracting faculty. By maintaining this in head the research worker had studied the characteristics of assorted microcontrollers which can be used to implement the hazard bar system and eventually reached to the close of utilizing PIC ( Peripheral Interface ascendence ) microcontroller.\r\nResearcher decided to utilize PIC16f73 is used in the undertaking due to its high parallel to digital transition. The pin architecture of PIC16f73 is given figure 5.4.5.4 Architecture of PIC16f73 microcontroller\r\nFigure 5.4 Architecture of microcontroller PIC16f73 ( Microchip 2002 )\r\nIt is a 28 pin IC and the coveted undertaking can be made utilizing 28 pins with 3 input end product ports. It has 192 byte RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and it is based on RISC architecture with merely 35 set of instructions. It has 8k garish memory, 4k programmable memory and 368?8 byte RAM. It has 3 ports to wit port A, B and C. Port A consists of 5 parallel to digital channel for ADC transition. Assorted parametric quantities for choosing PIC16f73 microcontroller are listed below.Performance:PIC16f73 microcontroller which will be used in the motion of this undertaking is a 28 pin IC with 3 input-output ports. It besides has 192 bytes of RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and is based on RISC ( Reduced education Set Computation ) architecture for better public presentation of the Accident taproom System. It has much faster transition velocity of parallel to digital transition than other accountants.Power ingestion:A PIC controlled system has minimal power ingestion with good public presentation which is needed by the chance event bar system. So this characteristic of PIC is really utile for the system being developed as the system would work on m inimum power without compromising the system public presentation.Memory:The accident bar system utilizing intoxicant and heart winking sensing can be done utilizing the built-in memory of PIC but still if the demand of memory of the system increases. PIC microcontroller besides has 4k programmable brassy memory and most of the PIC based systems are memory expandible and can spread out its memory as per use and type of application. To implement this system its built-in memory is adequate ( Bates Martin, 2011 ) .Therefore from this chapter, the control unit used for this undertaking is finalized. This chapter gives a brief overview of assorted control devices. Comparison between different control systems is drawn. The excuse for taking a peculiar control unit is besides given. The short account of microcontroller used is besides given in this chapter.\r\nNow all the basic constituents to be used in the undertaking are decided. Therefore from the following chapter, design of circuitry and the system will be done. After that this system should be implemented and so tested.\r\n'

'hould Kroger Pay Now For What Ralphs’ Employee Did Then? Essay\r'

' campaign 1. Should Kroger exonerate up Now For What Ralphs’ Employee Did Then? header 1: Assuming that the store and district managers of Ralphs sure maladys about Misiolek’s behavior jump in 1985, but that these complaints did not make headway Ralph’s headquarters in Compton, do you believe that the judge is right in holding that the troupe as a whole should not be held trustworthy for his follow ups? Should the attach to be held responsible for policies that hold open complaints from reaching headquarters?\r\nRalphs Grocery Co. should be held responsible because Ralphs’ precaution did not avail feedback, complaints from employee to headquar ter. There was also no go for mechanism on Ralphs Grocery Co. The virtu every(prenominal)y important thing that should be underlined is In April 1996 several women already complained to Ralph’s management but the company did not bewilder any action to discipline Misiolek. Misiolek was not removed from his military posture as store manager, but instead moved the kick women to other stores.\r\nQuestion 2: What frame of punishment do you believe would be appropriate for Ralphs? In your view, was the $33.3 million penalisation excessive? Explain.\r\nThe penalty should be compensatory and punitive damages. It would be such a intimately idea based on compensatory jurist principal. The $33.3 million penalty is excessive depending on how a good deal the cost to rehabilitate the victims and how much the victims were aggrieved. I conclude that $33.3 million penalty was excessive because the psychological impact for any(prenominal) employees was not seriously same with. take out for those who was grabbed, touched, patted, hugged, touched their breasts which was way more(prenominal) foetid should be give much more than rehabilitation cost penalty. Question 3: Should Kroger hurt to hand for events that happened before it took everywhere the chain of supermarkets?\r\nEthically Kroger should not pay at all. But actually it depends on the acquisition contract between Kroger with Fred Meyer and Fred Meyer with Ralphs. Question 4: Many states (but not California) repeat federal rules that place a punk of $300,000 on punitive damages in harassment cases. Is such a poll a good idea from an honest point of view? Explain.\r\nIn reflexion same with question number two, so it is not good idea for flattening punishment. It should happen the cost to rehabilitate the victims and how much the victims were aggrieved. put away punishment should be considered.\r\nQuestion 5: What can a company do to make sure that a circumstance like Misiolek’s does not come up? Why do you call in Ralph’s allowed Misiolek to concern managing stores?\r\nA policy that should be exist argon written with zero-tolerance policy prohibiting sexual harassment, conduct some mark off mechanism by facilitating employee feedback, online complain media, supervisory for manager, All complaints must thoroughly investigated. Ralphs allowed Misiolek to continue managing store because of his capability to achieve gain at the stores that he manage and of achieving minute bottom line figures at those stores.\r\nCASE 2. Wal-Mart’s Women\r\nQuestion 1: What fiscal impact do you speak up the face could potentially have on Wal-Mart?\r\nIf the equity suit was successful the company would have to pay all the compensation bar which was about 86 million dollars to its broad(a) 1.6 million female employees .Which in defraud would be a big speed of light to the company’s financials, and also with the deteriorating sign caused by the issue they might by chance lose out on an immense amount of customers leading to further financial implications. It would also result in higher(prenominal)(prenominal) prices in the store because the company would pass judgment to make up for all the departure incurred cause of the particular suit. Question 2: What are the major moral complaints of the females suing Wal-Mart? Do you believe these moral complaints are reassert? Why?\r\nThe major complaints launched by the women were that the company (wal-mart) discriminated against female employees in promotions pay, management facts of life and job assignments. The women utter that promotions in wal-mart were dark towards men, where men were promoted much faster and at a much frequent place then women. They also stated that in that location was a pay gap between men and women where two batch of distinct gender on the same positions were gainful differently and women were often paid fair lower than the men. I think feel the complaints are valid.\r\nIf you are in a job and you see other coworkers getting hired whom are less(prenominal) subject than you are then I think that the complaints are valid. If more than one complaint is being made about the company then an investigation is warranted. The complaints are confirm if you apply for a position or inquire about a position and the company doesn’t give you an fortune but then turn around and hire a male whom is less qualified than you are. That’s reason to make a concrete decision and go forward. I would have done the accurate same thing. Question 3: What factors do you think might account for the discrepancies the Drogin treat uncovered?\r\n1) wrong perception of higher level employees towards females. 2) Subjective analysis of functioning\r\n3) Biased promotion policies\r\n4)Lack of clearly stated promotion criteria and enlist structure. Question 4: What, if anything, do you think Wal-Mart should do to illuminate these discrepanc ies? Should the company institute an â€Å"affirmative action” promotion syllabus for female employees? If so, what should this program look like?\r\nTo correct the higher up issues wal-mart should try and place an monitoring schema which would monitor the promotion procedure and the proportion in which male and female employees are promoted, try and specify the promotion criteria and wage structures and make it’s even for all employees regardless of their gender so as to avoid situations like this in the future. exigent action and measures should be taken against people encouraging gender discrimination in the company i.e the managers as stated in the case. Question 5: Do you think the women deserve to win their lawsuit?\r\n'

'Mobile Computing and Social Networking Essay\r'

'1Introduction\r\nTiny, portable gad selects, such as carrier bag digital assistants (PDAs) and smooth ph anes hand been in the young historic period pushed on the mark. prompt or present computer science and accomplished gadgets ar changing the dealings between computers and humans.there is an introduction of a new intercourse approach based on context. This approach enables slew to interact with computers, objects and environments seamlessly. alert computer science devices have enabled coordination compound cooperation and communication patterns that were not dreamt of in the past years. They let brisk features in portability, ability to share training utilize communication networks; receiving set, and synchronizing the information with different standardized gadgets. There have drastic changes in the technological landscape in the past years led by the emergence of rambling computing devices focusing on consumer preferences.\r\nThe rapid increase in use of runny computing gadgets is nowadays discernible in the wellness check or health care industry. The healthcare industry has never been a frontrunner in ground of Information engine room and computing in sexual congress to caring for tolerants and clinical trials. wellness care providers are adopting new and innovative ways using mobile computing platforms to reinforcing stimulus persevering care. Thus by means of a constant drive to find a new method of improving the quality of affected roles’ lives, the health care industry has benefited. This has seen the enormous growth of habiliment portable systems, superviseing the enduring role’s conditions for vital signs. This paper focuses in assessing the concept of monitoring patients using mobile computing gadgets transmitting using wireless engineering. It besides assesses the use of social networks to free radical emb hoaryen for patients with similar medical conditions. 2Monitoring patients using vest ure, mobile gadgets\r\n2.1concepts\r\n winding health monitoring systems have come handy in seconding people to engage nearly in their own health care. This technology involves the integration of a biosensor which monitors vital signs (such as heart rate, BP, temperature and approximately new(prenominal) health-related information), environmental sensors, and a lieu sensor into a wearable wireless network. This allows an enduring, unobtrusive monitoring with straightaway feedback to the patient or physician about the circulating(prenominal) status and a real clock modify of the user’s health data. The data makes up the EPR (electronic patient record), which allows the health status data of the patient to be penetrationed using many devices and heterogeneous networks.\r\nMobile computing application in medicine allows plan of attack to EPR for consolidated information on patients from any location within the network. This advancement has brought about many benefits to the medical industry. However, it does not make a substitute for the maneuver eye to eye meeting between patient and the doctor due to the various setbacks it suffers. 2.2Advantages of using mobile computing to monitor patients Monitoring patients using wearable, mobile devices has a lot of merits as compared to the traditional inmate visit by the patient. These include:\r\n2.2.1Patient participation in their own health care\r\nThis technology allows the healthcare providers to be close and interact more with patients. This grows the wiz of self-will amongst patients and their relatives as they tend to take in more information and interact with it. This interaction provides the clinician an change access to information thus leading to a better diagnosis. The issuingant is a sense of ownership in the patients leading to high rates of diagnosis acceptance and following of post-diagnosis orders. 2.2.2Easier and quicker visibility of the patient’s condition The physicia n does not have to wait for laboratory results to be sent or telemetry to be done. The mobile computing devices allows for real time viewing of information. 2.2.3Increase in efficiency of healthcare\r\nThe provider does not have to move from machine to machine, one room to the other seeking the patient’s data. Updated data commode be accessed from the electronic patient records in real time by the wearable monitoring devices. This leads to swift and accurate decision fashioning concerning patients restorations since it relies on accurate data.\r\n2.2.4Cost\r\nThe development of these mobile devices can be realized within modest charges compared to in force(p)ness systems. The maintenance of these small but essential devices is also low compared to the specialty systems. This pulls down the cost of streak mobile-computing monitoring devices. 2.3Disadvantages of using mobile computing to monitor patients Monitoring patients using mobile computing supply devices also suff er some setbacks.\r\n2.3.1 health hazard\r\nThe issue of radiations still is unclear posing uncertainties on its application. The health care industry players have not concord on the standards of these devices.\r\n2.3.2Technical melody\r\nIts application may ferment more technical emphasis which can result in a stress issue to patients and medics (Brahnam & angstrom; Jain, 2010). The patients’ data has to be stored securely. This is often a repugn because the users of these devices may be unequipped with the necessary take aim of expertise; to perform the encryption tasks. However, security is a point of concern in the application of these gadgets. An effective protocol or security measure should be used to ensure heavy security to the data accessed through them.\r\nThis entails an implementation of strong access protocols at both the gadget and the network levels. Appropriate encryption measures should also be implemented to safeguard against unofficial access of the i nformation stored in the device, in cutting it lands in the wrong hands due to theft. However, these devices should be designed only to allow viewing of pure data locally on the mobile computing device rather than storing it.\r\n2.4Use of social network to group support for patients\r\nOnline health social networking sites give patients the immunity to obtain and disclose information on some health condition without disclosing their identities (Turban & Volonino, 2011). Support groups help patients to cope with the various conditions by providing social support and network of information to its members. Patients educate each other on the conditions and treatments using the social network. This often impacts the old doctor-patient relationship, and could develop a foundation for a marketplace driven system where clients can make choices. Health oriented social networks are exceedingly skillful to patients they provide an instrumental support by providing stress relieving se rvices, financial assistance, advice and willingness to help. It offers nurturing support aiming at comforting distressed patients without necessarily solving the problems leading to the stress by making the patient feel cared.\r\n3Conclusion\r\nThe application of technology in the health industry has come a long way. Its adoption in the monitoring of patients has been extremely beneficial to both patients and doctors. However, there still concerns everyplace the security of the many sensitive data passed on from one point to the other by these mobile devices. Improved security measures should be enacted, to ensure that the patient’s data is safe from external access since it may incriminate the privacy right of the patient. Health care oriented social network has been much(prenominal) of a platform where patients share their experiences. The healthcare providers get to acquaint themselves of the patients’ experiences and also market their services by engaging direc tly with the patients. *\r\n4.0References\r\nBrahnam, S., & Jain, L. C. (2010). Advanced computational Intelligence Paradigms in Healthcare 5: smart Decision Support Systems. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Shahriyar, R., Bari, F., Kundu, G., Ahamed, S., & Akbar, M.(2009). Intelligent Mobile Health Monitoring System (IMHMS). In P.kostkova (Eds..), electronic Healthcare: Second International ICST Conference, EHealth 2009 Istanbul, Turkey, September 2009 revise Selected Papers (pp. 5-12). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Tan, J., (2005). EHealth Care Information Systems: An Introduction for Students and Professionals. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Turban, E., & Volonino, L. (2011). Information Technology for management: Improving strategic and operational writ of execution (8th ed.). Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons.\r\n'

'Report Writing: Style and Structure\r'

' trace Writing: path and mental synthesis unofficial Writing a continue female genitalia seem daunting at primary, alone with a solid understanding of the fundamental social organisation and style employ in constructing clear and crisp enshrouds, it can be achieved. The standard report data formatting is as follows: entitle, Summary, entryway, Body, Conclusions, Recommendations, Appendix, References and accede of Contents. We go forth first appearance at how to prep atomic number 18 a report before the composition begins. Learning objectives At the end of the session, students result be able to: • Write with a precise purpose and audition in mind • Structure article of faiths, paragraphs and reports Write clearly and concisely Purpose and listening Before composing a report you should first reveal or so key factors, which forget suspensor you plan your approach and write with clarity. The first interrogate you should ask yourself is, â€Å" what is the purpose of the report? ” Purpose â€Å"What is it approximately, and what is it for? ” It is dependable to establish the purpose of your report before you run writing, so that you can think clearly on the subject, and produce a report styled to fit the take of your purpose. Recognize what your report is for, (informing, instructing, guiding) and focus your writing on explaining the details.If for example, you privation to write an instructional report for a team of colleagues, you k in a flash that you must focus your writing on providing clear concise instructions, which leave suspend your subscriber to comprehend the processes that you argon describing. Audience â€Å"Who argon you writing for? ” The jiffy question you should ask yourself is, â€Å"who is handout to train this report and why? ” Knowing your listening will service of process you determine how long your report should be, how it should be presented, and what level o f terminology you should use to exceed attract and master(prenominal)tain the interest of your reader.If for example, you atomic number 18 writing a report to inform policy makers, you would want to focus on presenting your test clearly and concisely. We will now try an exercise on identifying reference and purpose: Exercise one Malaria stripe You are a salutaryness blend iner at the Ministry Of Health and give birth been asked to write a report on Malaria. You take for access to the figures on Malaria incidents in the rude over the last five years, as well as access to the latest info on drugs and other barriers to prevent Malaria. 1. Describe the purpose of your report, and identify your audience.The sentence Now that we know how to identify our audience and define a purpose, we will look at how to write clearly and succinctly. Understanding how to structure a sentence is essential to conveying meaning clearly. pursuance are a few rules of thumb to certifyer avoid am biguous sentences: • Keep it short and to the point. legion(predicate) people have trouble with patronise sentences, creating ambiguity by attaching many ideas together with large combinations of commas, semicolons and dashes. over(p) one thought and close out your sentence with end punctuation. • Words for words sake.Avoid extraneous words, and parentheses that do non add to your point. • Don’t feed it hanging. Sentence fragments can be just as confusing as run-on sentences. Make genuine that you have completed your sentence and that it makes sense, before gag law it out. For a comprehensive explanation of the inner whole shebang of sentences and grammar, you can realise the links below. Sentence help: http://www2. actden. com/writ_den/tips/sentence/index. htm Grammar help: http://www. speakspeak. com/html/d10_english_grammar. htm We will now look over some common errors that can convolute sentences and obscure meaning.Sentence Fragment â€Å"Mar k has finish his work on m. Since he started planning ahead. ” The second sentence is a fragment here, because it does not drive off enough information to complete a thought. approximately sentence fragments are phrases that belong to the previous thought. To remediate the problem in this instance, we simply remove the period. arrange â€Å"Mark has finished his work on epoch since he started planning ahead. ” Run-on sentence â€Å"Jane loves turkey cock he is a good friend. ” A run-on sentence occurs when you have two complete sentences that are not separated by correct punctuation.In this miscue we can correct it with a comma and a linking word, or by using a period. cook up â€Å"Jane loves Tom, because he is a good friend. ” â€Å"Jane loves Tom. He is a good friend. ” Exercise 2 Correct the pursuance sentence fragments and run-on sentences. We will play cricket tomorrow. If it doesn’t rain. In our survey we contacted 212 membe rs of government cx members of government responded. In order to obtain funding. You have to write clear concise reports. Michael loves to write reports he is talented at it and his wife’s c every(prenominal) down is Shelly. Structuring Sentences, Paragraphs and Reports Tell them what you’re going to discover them, tell them, and because tell them what you told them. ” The diagram below is an glorious example on how to write clearly and logically. We will now look at each disclose of this â€Å"map” and then see how the pieces come together. [pic] Introduction Introductory paragraph The introduction should explain the oecumenic ideas to come, as well as your thesis statement, which tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the report. The rest of the report should ruck up endorse and organize a case nigh your thesis statement. root sentencesA yield sentence is same(p) a mini introduction to the body of your paragraph. Your topic sentenc e should explain what the body of the paragraph will cover, (just like your introduction explains what to expect in the report). It is a good idea to â€Å"map” out your report, by first writing topic sentences for each of the different paragraphs or sections of your report. 2. Body Support sentences Support sentences are the body of paragraphs. This is the section of your report that serves to bear evidence and examples that reinforce your thesis statement. Support sentences are in any case apply to clearly explain and underpin main ideas. . Conclusion Concluding sentences The concluding sentence is used to reiterate the main points developed by the support sentences, and signal the end of a paragraph. They are also useful for adding emphasis to certain key points, with repetition. We will now look at how to require the different take aparts of a report foreign of the general writing, which are: Title, Summary, Recommendations, Appendix, References, and Table of Con tents. Title The ennoble is your first contact with the reader, and should inform them succinctly about what they are about to read. SummaryThe purpose of a compact is to provide an overview of the report. It is not necessary to give minute information in the summary, but rather to provide an indication of the type of information that the report contains. forte summaries are mingled with 100-150 words, and are generally create verbally after the report has been completed, so that you know on the nose what you are summarizing. Recommendations Recommendations are not an essential part of a report; however, if you are including one, it should follow from your conclusion. A brief statement clearly declaring your recommendations will suffice.Appendix An appendix contains materials that are peripheral, but relevant to your report. For example you may wish to include a glossary of price in your appendix if you are writing a technical report for those who are not experts on the s ubject. You may also include copies of research tools much(prenominal) as questionnaires and manuals, as well as tables and diagrams that you timbre would disrupt the flow of your report by severance it up. If your appendix does contain tables, diagrams etc. , make original to label them properly, so that the can easily be found when referenced.References If you have consulted or abduced any media sources, (print or otherwise) to help you compile your report, they must be acknowledge here, as well as in the text. Citing your resources not only avoids running into plagiarism issues, but strengthens your work by backing up your report with evidence from the work of others. If you are quoting directly from someone else, the quote must be followed by the author’s name and hear of publication in lot brackets, e. g. Calvino (1983). A standard bibliography is an alphabetized list ordered by Author’s surnames.For a agree you must include: the author’s surname and full name, or initials; the full title of the sacred scripture; the edition (if other than the first); the place of publication; the publisher, and the date of publication, e. g. Calvino, Italo. Palomar. Torino: S. P. A. , 1983. For a complete guide to correct citation, visit: http://www. liu. edu/cwis/CWP/library/workshop/citmla. htm Table of Contents A table of contents is a page containing number that correspond to different parts of your report, allowing readers to jump between sections quickly.Number and title the different portions of your report, (such as â€Å"1. 2 checkup advancements in treating Malaria” â€Å"1. 3 Government funding for treating Malaria” â€Å"2. 1 References” etc. ) and then create a tally list of contents that lists the page number as well as the reference number, which should be sequential, startle from the summary. A good starting point for affair out your table of contents is to do it identical to your topic sentences . Below is an example of a â€Å"mapped” checklist that puts all of the steps we have learned together followed by a table of contents.It is a good way tool to use when preparing to write a report. The â€Å"mapped” checklist is simulate on the Malaria legal profession exercise we completed earlier. â€Å"Mapped” Checklist for Malaria Prevention 1. Who is it for? Health workers in district offices. 2. What is it about? Malaria prevention †success stories over the last five years. 3. Title Let’s Win the Battle Against Malaria 4. Summary This report attempts to examine the benefits and drawbacks between different methods of contending malaria in Southern Africa, including rate of success, time, cost, and other socio-economic factors. 5. IntroductionExploring the methods for evaluating available options for combating malaria, and the relation back successes of different options over the past five years. 6. Topic sentences 1. Insecticide treated net s have been proven to nourish people from malaria, by both preventing physical contact, and cleansing the mosquito. 2. Community based work projects to reduce mosquito conduct grounds have been successful. 3. Indoor residual spray remains one of the most widely used methods of vector control. 4. All of the discussed methods for the prevention of malaria work to some degree, but is it more beneficial to take a proactive or reactive stance? . What is the most successful and cost effective way to combat malaria, and how can we implement these measures? 6. With community work and adapted resources, malaria could be greatly reduced over the beside decade. 7. Conclusion Having examined the different malaria prevention methods, and weighing their pros and cons, in that location are many possible solutions. 8. Recommendations 9. Appendix 10. References Table of Contents for Malaria Prevention ContentsPage no Summary………………………†¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦. 2 Contents……………………………………………………………………………….. 3 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 4 2.Prevention methods…………………………………………………………………. 5 2. 1 Insecticide treated nets……………………………………………………………………â₠¬Â¦. 5 2. 2 Community based work projects……………………………………………. 6 2. 3 Indoor residual spraying…………………………………………………….. 7 3. achievement and Cost……………………………………………………………………8 3. 1 Proactive and reactive approaches………………………………………….. 8 3. 2 Striking a medium between cost and success………………………………. 9 3. 3 Future success……………………………………………………â €¦â€¦â€¦â€¦. 9 4. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………….. 9 5. Recommendaions…………………………………………………………………10 6. Appendix…………………………………………………………………………. 0 7. References………………………………………………………………………… 11 Exercise 3 Bringing it all together Now that you have an understanding of the content and structure of a report, it is time to put that know ledge to use. 1. Using one of the reports that we read last session, map out the topic sentences, then construct a table of contents. Tips for writing a report • Write in plain English • Select an appropriate title • Use your art object checker • Start writing • Use your Report Map • Sleep on it • You don’t need to start at the beginning • Be engaging • Use language the will be comprehensible by your intended audience\r\n'

'Management and Interpersonal Roles\r'

'In this clause Mintzberg reviewed that managing through people transport them one step closer to managerial challenge instead of information roles. The author used Hawthorne’s organizational experiments as their data gained which demonstrated in 1930s to describe the importance of interpersonal roles. His seek focused on the managerial roles, which ar interpersonal, informational and decisional roles towards way. This name is useful for my research topic, as Mintzberg stated that interpersonal roles dealt with leadership. The main limitation of the name is that the author to a greater extent concerned about leading.\r\nHowever, Mintzberg indicated that most of the managers seemed to spend most of their time in interpersonal roles. This word leave alone help me to form the base of my research essay. Lamond,D. 2003, â€Å" henry Mintzberg vs Henri Fayol: Of Lighthouses, Cubists and the Emperor’s New Clothes, The Journal of utilize Management and Entrepreneurs hip, vol 8, no. 4, pp. 5. In this denomination Liamond reviewed the management of Mintzberg as the nature of managerial work. Based on the author member, Mintzberg used structured observation techniques for his research.\r\nHis article differentiates the management of Henri Mintzberg and Henri Fayol. This article is useful for my research topic, as Liamond explained how Mintzberg’s management works. The main limitation of this article is that the author used generalization as a description of his article. Thus, his article discusses the works of Mintzberg and Fayol theoretical discretion about managerial. This article will help me as additional information to my research. Mintzberg, H. 1975. The manager’s line of products: folklore and fact. Harvard Business Review, 53(4), pp. 49-61.\r\nIn this article Mintzberg stated that in that location are 3 main roles in management, which are interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. Mintzberg studied an d researched to maintain his point of view. His article focused on the manager’s job. This article is useful for my research topic by how Mintzberg recess those roles in detail. The limitation of this article is it doesn’t full focus on my research topic, which are the interpersonal rules. However, he also gives us some classical information about the various types of interpersonal roles. This article will help me to complete the base of my research topic.\r\n'

'Night World : Soulmate Chapter 16\r'

'It was a very(prenominal) want cartridge holder earlier Hannah arrestd foot move again.\r\nShe distracted herself during the long wait by whistling songs under her breath and beting astir(predicate) the\r\npeople she love.\r\nHer m a noher(prenominal). Her mother didnt veritable(a) miss her yet, didnt bop she was gone. provided by tomorrow she\r\nwould. Tomorrow was whitethorn first, Hannahs birthday, and tare would give her mother the letter.\r\nChess, of course. Hannah wished now that shed exhausted more time saying unplayfulbye to Chess, that shed\r\nexplained things better. Chess would have been fascinated. And she had a reclaim to know she was an hoar\r\nSoul, too.\r\nPaul Winfield. That was strange-shed only known him a week. scarcely hed tried to help her. And at this\r\nmoment, he knew more almost Hannah Snow than whateverone else in Montana.\r\nI unavoidableness he doesnt start smoking again if he rinds erupt Im dead.\r\nBecause that was probably ho w she would end up. Hannah had no illusions nearly that. She had a\r\nweapon- entirely so did Maya, and Maya was much faster and stronger. She was no match for Maya under\r\nthe best of circumstances, much little when she was weak and feverish. The best she could hope for was\r\nto buy off Maya to eliminate her while she was still human.\r\nShe design ab divulge the slew Daybreak members. They were good people. She was sorry she wouldnt\r\nhave the commodedidate to know them better, to help them. They were doing something important, something she\r\ninstinctively sensed was necessary righteousness now.\r\nAnd she fancy about Thierry.\r\nHell have to go wandering again, I guess. Its too bad. He hasnt had a very happy life. I was starting to\r\nthink I could take that blueness out of his intuitive line uping….\r\nWhen she comprehend a noise at last, she musical theme it dexterity be her imagination. She held her breath.\r\nNo. Its footsteps. Getting closer.\r\n Shes coming.\r\nHannah shifted position. She had stationed herself nigh the mouth of the cavern; now she took a inscrutable\r\nbreath and eased herself into a crouch. She wiped her sweaty right decoration on her jeans and got a better\r\n hairgrip on her stake.\r\n She figured that Maya would shine the flash faint-hearted toward the rod cell where Hannah had been tied, thus\r\nmaybe take a few steps furthermostther in grimace the cavern, trying to live what was release on.\r\nAnd consequently Ill do it. Ill fuck out of the apparition\r\n can her. Jump and skewer her through the back. but Ive got to time it right.\r\nShe held her breath as she saw devolve outside the mouth of the cavern. Her greatest fear was that Maya\r\nwould hear her.\r\nQuiet… quiet…\r\nThe light came closer. Hannah watched it, non moving. effective her brain was clicking along in surprise. It\r\nwasnt the slanted, focused station of a flashlight. It was the more diffuse pool of light from a lantern.\r\nShes brought another one. however that means…\r\nMaya was go in.\r\nWalking quickly-and not pausing. She couldnt shine the light onto the pole yet. And she didnt seem\r\nanxious to-apparently it didnt occur to her that she motivatinged to slow on Hannah. She was that confident.\r\nHannah cursed men long-leggedy. Shes going too far-shes out of range. Get up!\r\nHer plan in ruins, she flexed her knees and stood. She hear a crack in her knee adjunction that sounded as\r\nloud as a gunshot.\r\n exactly Maya didnt cut short. She kept going. She was almost at the pole.\r\nAs wordlessly as she could, Hannah souled across the cavern. both(prenominal)(a) Maya had to do was sophisticate around to see\r\nher.\r\nMaya was at the pole. She was stopping. She was looking from side to side.\r\nHannah was behind her.\r\nNow.\r\nNow was the time. Hannahs muscles could feel how she had to stab, to play a joke on her weight behind the\r\nthrust so that the stake went in under Mayas left shoulder blade. She knew how to do it. …\r\n just now she couldnt.\r\nShe couldnt stab somebody in the back. Somebody who wasnt grim her at the moment, who\r\ndidnt unconstipated know they were in danger.\r\nOh, my matinee idol! Dont be stupid! Do it!\r\nOh, my Goddess! a translator echoed back in her pass. Youre not a poper. This isnt even self-defense!\r\n Frustrated almost to the point of hysteria, Hannah hear herself let out a breath. It was wet. She was\r\ncrying.\r\nHer arm drooped. Her muscles collapsed. She wasnt doing it. She couldnt do it.\r\nMaya slowly turned around.\r\nShe looked both beautiful and eerie in the lantern light. She surveyed Hannah up and come out, looking in\r\n crabbed at the drooping stake.\r\n consequently she looked at Hannahs face.\r\nâ€Å"Youre the strangest girl,” she utter, in what seemed to be genuine bewilderment. â€Å"Why didnt you do it?\r\nYou were languish enough to get yourself out and stic k yourself a weapon. Why didnt you have the guts to\r\nfinish it?”\r\nHannah was inquire herself the same thing. Only with more expletives.\r\nI am going to die now, she thought. And maybe die for good-because I dont have guts. Because I\r\ncouldnt protrude somebody I know is completely evil and completely impelled to kill me. Thats not ethics.\r\nThats stupid. â€Å"I suppose its that Egyptian temple training,” Maya was saying. â€Å"Or maybe the life when\r\nyou were a Buddhist-do you remember that? Or maybe youre just weak.” And a victim. Ive spent a\r\ncouple thousand eld being a victim-yours. I guess Ive got my fall apart down perfect by now.\r\nâ€Å"Oh, advantageously. It doesnt really theme why,” Maya verbalise. â€Å"It all comes down to the same thing in the end.\r\nNow. Lets get this over with.”\r\nHannah stared at her, breathing hard, timbre comparable a rabbit looking at a headlight.\r\n nothing should live as a victim. Every creature has a right to beseech for its life.\r\n just she couldnt seem to get her muscles to move anymore. She was just too tired. Every part of her\r\nhurt, from her throbbing head to her raw fingertips to her bruised and aching feet.\r\nMaya was smiling, fixing her with eyes that shifted from lapis-lazuli downcast to glacier green.\r\nâ€Å"Be a good girl, now,” she crooned.\r\nI dont want to be a good girl….\r\nMaya reached for her with long arms.\r\nâ€Å"Dont touch her!” Thierry state from the cavern mouth.\r\nHannahs head jerked sideways. She stared at the new pool of light on the other side of the cave. For\r\nthe first few seconds she thought she was hallucinating.\r\nBut, no. He was there. Thierry was standing there with a lantern of his own, tall and almost shimmering\r\nwith coiled tension, like a piranha ready to\r\nspring.\r\n The problem was that he was too far external. And Maya was too fast. In the same instant that it took\r\nHannah to incu r her brain believe her eyes, Maya was moving. In one brisk step, she was behind\r\nHannah, with her pass around Hannahs throat.\r\nâ€Å"Stay where you are,” she said. â€Å"Or Ill break her little neck.”\r\nHannah knew she could do it. She could feel the conjure strength in Mayas hands. Maya didnt need a\r\nweapon.\r\nThierry designate the lantern down and raised his empty hands. â€Å"Im staying,” he said quietly.\r\nâ€Å"And tell whoever else youve got in that tunnel to go back. All the way back. If I see another person, Ill\r\nkill her.”\r\nWithout turning, Thierry shouted. â€Å"Go back to the entrance. All of you.” and then he looked at Hannah.\r\nâ€Å"Are you all right?”\r\nHannah couldnt nod. Mayas grip was so tight that she could barely say, â€Å"Yes.” But she could look at\r\nhim, and she could see his eyes.\r\nShe knew, in that moment, that all her fears about him not wanting her anymore were groundless. He\r\nlove her. She had never seen such open love and touch on in anyones face before.\r\nMore, they understood each other. They didnt need any words. It was the end of misunderstandings\r\nand mistrust. For perhaps the first time since she had been Hana of the Three Rivers, Hannah trusted him\r\nwithout reservation. They were in accord.\r\nAnd neither of them treasured this to end with a death.\r\nWhen Thierry took his eyes from Hannahs, it was to look at Maya and say, â€Å"Its over, now. You have\r\nto realize that. Ive got twenty people down here, and another twenty on the surface waiting.” His juncture\r\nbecame softer and more deliberate. â€Å"But I give you my word, you can walk out of here right now,\r\nMaya. Nobody will touch you. All you have to do is let Hannah go first.”\r\nâ€Å"Together,” Hannah said, coughing as Mayas hands tightened, cutting off her breath. She gasped and\r\nfinished, â€Å"We go out together, Thierry.”\r\n Thierry nodded and lo oked at Maya. He was holding his hand out now, like someone trying to coax a\r\n terrified child. â€Å"Just let her go,” he said softly.\r\nMaya jocularityed.\r\nIt was an affected sound, and it make Hannahs disrobe crawl. nothing sane made a noise like that.\r\nâ€Å"But that way, I wont arrive at,” Maya said, almost pleasantly.\r\nâ€Å"You cant get along anyway,” Thierry said quietly. â€Å"Even if you kill her, shell still be alive-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Not if I make her a vampire first,” Maya interrupted.\r\n But Thierry was shaking his head. â€Å"It doesnt matter.” His voice was still quiet, but it was filled with the\r\nauthority of unattackable conviction, a kind of bedrock certainty that held even Hannah mesmerized.\r\nâ€Å"Even if you kill her, shell still be alive-here.” He tapped his chest. â€Å"In me. I keep her here. Shes part of\r\nme. So until you kill me, you cant really kill her. And you cant win. Its that simple.â⠂¬Â\r\nThere was a lock in. Hannahs own heart was twisted with the force of her love for him. Her eyes ” were\r\nfull.\r\nShe could hear Maya breathing, and the sound was ragged. She thought that the pressing of Mayas\r\nhands was infinitesimally less.\r\nâ€Å"I could kill you both,” Maya said at last in a grating voice.\r\nThierry displace his shoulders and dropped them in a\r\ngesture too sad to be a shrug. â€Å"But how can you win when the people you hate arent there to see it?”\r\nIt sounded insane-but it was true. Hannah could feel it hit Maya like a well- launchn javelin. If Maya\r\ncouldnt have Thierry as her prize, if she couldnt even make him suffer, what was the point? Where was\r\nthe victory?\r\nâ€Å"Lets stop the cycle right here,” Thierry said softly. â€Å"Let her go.”\r\nHe was so gentle, and so reasonable, and so tired-sounding. Hannah didnt see how anyone could baulk\r\nhim. But she was still surprised at what happened next .\r\nSlowly, very slowly, the hands around her neck loosened their grip. Maya stepped away.\r\nHannah sucked in a deep breath. She wanted to run to Thierry, but she was afraid to do anything to\r\nunbalance the delicate move in the cavern. Besides, her knees were wobbly.\r\nMaya was moving around her, taking a step or two in summit of her, facing Thierry directly.\r\nâ€Å"I loved you,” she said. There was a sound in her voice Hannah had never heard before, a quaver. â€Å"Why\r\ndidnt you ever understand that?”\r\nThierry shake his head. â€Å"Because its not true. You never loved me. You wanted me. in general because\r\nyou couldnt have me.”\r\nThere was a silence then(prenominal) as they stood looking at each other. Not because they understood each other\r\ntoo well for words, Hannah thought. Because they would never understand each other. They had nothing\r\nto say.\r\nThe silence stretched on and on-and then Maya collapsed.\r\nShe didnt fall down. But s he might as well have. Hannah saw the life go out of her-the hope. The energy\r\nthat had kept Maya vibrant and scintillating after thousands of years. It had all come from her need to win .\r\n. . and now she knew shed lost.\r\n She was defeated.\r\nâ€Å"Come on, Hannah,” Thierry said quietly. â€Å"Lets go.” Then he turned to shout back into the tunnel behind\r\nhim. â€Å"Clear the way. Were all coming out.”\r\nThat was when it happened.\r\nMaya had been standing slumped, her head down, her eyes on the ground.\r\nOr on her backpack.\r\nAnd now, as Thierry turned away, she flashed one glance at him and then moved as fast as a striking\r\nsnake. She grabbed the black stake and held it horizontally, her arm displace back.\r\nHannah recognized the posture instantly. As Hana of the Three Rivers shed seen hunters throw spears\r\nall the time.\r\nâ€Å"Game over,” Maya whispered.\r\nHannah had a fraction of a second to act-and no time to consider. All she thought was, No.\r\nWith her whole weight behind the thrust, she lunged at Maya. Stake first.\r\nThe sharp wooden point went in just under Mayas shoulder blade. She staggered, off balance, her\r\nthrow ” ruined. The black stake went skittering across the rough rock and roll floor.\r\nHannah was off balance, too. She was falling. Maya was falling. But it all seemed to be adventure in\r\nslow motion. Ive killed her.\r\nThere was no felicity in the thought. Only a illuminate of low-key certainty.\r\nWhen the slow-motion opinion ended, she found herself the way anybody finds themself after a fall. On\r\nthe ground and surprised. Except that Maya was underneath her, with a stake protruding from her back.\r\nHannahs first frantic thought was to get a doctor. Shed never seen someone this badly hurt before- not\r\nin this life. There was caudex seeping out of Mayas back around the impermanent stake. It had gone in very\r\ndeep, the wood astute vampire flesh like razor-sharp firebrand through a human.\r\nThierry was beside her. Kneeling, pulling Hannah slightly away from Mayas prone leap, as if she might\r\nstill be dangerous.\r\nHannah reached for him at the same time, and their hands met, intertwined. She held on tight, feeling a\r\nrush of warmth and comfort from his presence.\r\nThen Thierry gently turned Maya onto her side.\r\nHair was falling across Mayas face like a black waterfall. Her skin was chalky white and her eyes were\r\nwide open. But she was laughing.\r\nLaughing.\r\n She looked at Hannah and laughed. In a thick strangling voice, she gasped. â€Å"You had guts-after all.”\r\nHannah whispered, â€Å"Can we do anything for her?”\r\nThierry shook his head.\r\nThen it was terrible. Mayas laugh turned into a gurgle. A trickle of demarcation ran out of the side of her\r\nmouth. Her body jerked. Her eyes stared. And then, finally, she was still.\r\nHannah tangle her own breath sigh out.\r\nShes dead. I killed her. I killed s omeone.\r\nEvery creature has the right to fight for its life-or its loved ones.\r\nThierry said softly, â€Å"The cycle is broken.”\r\nThen he let Mayas shoulder go and her body slumped down again. She seemed small now, shrunken.\r\nAfter a moment Hannah realized it wasnt an illusion. Maya was doing what all vampires do in the movies.\r\nShe was falling in on herself, her tissues collapsing, muscle and flesh shriveling. The one hand Hannah\r\ncould see seemed to be wasting away and hardening at the same time. The skin became yellow and\r\nleathery, showing the form of the tendons underneath.\r\nIn the end, Maya was just a leather burn full of bones.\r\nHannah swallowed and shut her eyes.\r\nâ€Å"Are you all right? Let me look at you.” Thierry was holding her, examining her. Then when Hannah met\r\nhis eyes, he looked at her long and searchingly and said with a different meaning, â€Å"Are you all right?”\r\nHannah understood. She looked at Maya and then back at him.\r\nâ€Å"Im not exalted of it,” she said slowly. â€Å"But Im not sorry, either. It just-had to be done.” She thought\r\nanother moment, then said, getting out each word\r\nseparately, â€Å"I refuse to be … a victim… anymore.”\r\nThierry tightened his arm around her. â€Å"Im proud of you,” he said. Then he added, â€Å"Lets go. We need to\r\nget you to a healer.”\r\nThey walked back through the narrow passageway, which was no longer dark because Thierrys people\r\nhad placed lanterns every few feet. At the end of the\r\npassage, in the mode with the vertical carp, they had set up some sort of rope and pulley.\r\nLupe was there, and Nilsson, and the rest of the CIA group. So were Rashel and Quinn. The fighters,\r\nHannah thought. Everyone called and laughed and patted her when she came in with Thierry.\r\nâ€Å"Its over,” Thierry said briefly. â€Å"Shes dead.”\r\nEveryone looked at him and then at Hannah. And somehow they knew. They all cheered and patted her\r\nagain. Hannah didnt feel like Cinderella anymore; she felt like Dorothy after killing the Wicked Witch.\r\n And she didnt like it.\r\nLupe took her by the shoulders and said excitedly, â€Å"Do you know what youve done?”\r\nHannah said, â€Å"Yes. But I dont want to think about it any more right now.”\r\nIt wasnt until theyd hauled her up the vertical shaft that it occurred to her to ask Thierry how hed found\r\nher. She was standing on an unseeable hillside with no buildings or landmarks around. Maya had\r\npicked a very good hiding place.\r\nâ€Å"One of her own people exchange her out,” Thierry said. â€Å"He got to the house about the same time I did this\r\nevening, and he said he had reading to sell. He was a werewolf who wasnt happy with how shed\r\n case-hardened him.”\r\nA werewolf with black hair? Hannah wondered. But she was too sleepy suddenly to ask more\r\nquestions.\r\nâ€Å"Home, s ir?” Nilsson said, a little breathlessly because hed just come up the shaft.\r\nThierry looked at him, laughed, and started to help Hannah down the hill. â€Å"Thats right. Home, Nilsson.”\r\n'