Establishing a Teen Court Program Essay Example for Free

Establishing a Teen Court Program EssayInspired on discussions with the parents-teachers associations, the Teen Court Program has been established to allow the young to deal with issues that bother them. With this program, the school initiates an establishment of a court w here(predicate) teenagers are the judges, prosecutors, and defendants handling cases of buster teenagers. This court shall handle underage offenses, usually those which are done inside the school premises. Thus, the teen court will affect the school as a whole.The students who are taking part and those for which the teen court will be imposed upon as well as the officials and parents of the students will be involved in the program. The Teen Court Program will be established with the student council. The participants will be required to attend a one-day seminar with the Juvenile Division rallying cry and Probation Center to familiarize themselves with court procedures. After the seminar, a selection will be done as to who shall be jurors, court clerks and bailiffs.Others will be disposed(p) assignments as attorneys from which cases can be ascribed and consulted with. They will be manning case proceedings in such a way that adults do them. The only difference here is the age. The Teen Court Program will take of next year, beginning with the seminar slated at the Juvenile Division Parole and Probation Center on January 15, 2008. It will be followed by a series of qualifying tests and interviews to divide responsibilities among the members of the group.Primarily, the members of the teen court will come from the student council. However, non-members of the student council can likewise serve as volunteers. Should they aspire for positions, they will be asked to attend a pre-set seminar and go through he same tests and interviews. If they are volunteering as support assistants, all they need to do is be a bona fide student of the institution to be able to apply and qualify. Adults such as p arents may also volunteer for administrative functions such as billing, management, and planning.The Teen Court Program is expected to improve the juvenile justice system in the school. It will also upgrade the treatment on minor offenders in the community. With it, minors are arrested and tried on the court in front of a teenage representation. Ultimately, it allows minors to be the leaders and defendants of justice in their own right. The school decided to create the Teen Court Program to allow teenagers to deal with their own issues.Believing that adults may lack or wee no understanding of the issues surrounding teenagers given the difference in age and activities, the school has taken this step. It also creates leaders, and allows teenagers to take part in such master(prenominal) activities. The juvenile court program will proceed on offenses that are considered minor to be taken to the non-juvenile courts. These offenses include minor fights where there are no casualties, ste aling, all forms of cheating, and other misbehaviors.The program is beneficial at that it allows offenders to be tried according to a due process instead of being confined with the judgments of the local anesthetic school board (made up of adults) the peers of offenders will be able to testify and give their sides, and learn littleons as well. School officials will also be less burdened by these minor offenses, and in general the community benefits because the minors being tried in these juvenile courts are handled accordingly and receives no delineation to real criminals. It has also been found that juvenile courts are cheaper to operate.

Education Essay Example for Free

Education EssayIt seems that the recent trend toward online education has created a severe deficit among students. Part of the fundamental goal of some(prenominal) learning environment is the development of skills related to team-building and conjunct work. These are concrete-world skills that are important to have in almost any real-world situation. The students notice about cooperative learning is a common complaint, but the troubles cited by the student are characteristic of real-world cooperative situations.The usual complaints by students about cooperative learning projects include logistics issues, gaps in vision and leadership, difficulties in equitable workload assignment, and other elements. All of these problems are ones that may be encountered in the modern working(a) world. I would design the curriculum with group projects integrated. I would also include a learning objective that emphasizes the importance of the cooperative learning, given its application to t he real world.If the quality of the projects suffers as a result of the learning format, the learning gap(s) that may have developed may be resolved by reinforcing exercises that are individually-based. In this manner, the subject matter will be adequately addressed, and the important group-work skill can also be practiced. I would also recommend additional courses on team-work and the cooperative dynamic be added to the curriculum.Whether for a school or a work environment, it is vital that students be taught or trained to appreciate the importance of strong teaming, as this will be a key element in any real-world work environment. This course could incorporate coping and procedural skills that address the typical difficulties involved with cooperative projects. Objectives might include how to divide labor, how to determine a vision, how to organize leadership, and how to handle logistic difficulties. The sooner students learn these skills, the more productive and fortunate they w ill be.

The Impact On Media In Britain Media Essay

The affect On Media In Britain Media EssayThis essay will focus on the impact muss media has had on British hostelry and demonstrate a striking contrast between the previous and present roles of media in Britain society, meanwhile mass media as a propaganda tool , it brings many haughty influence on British society.Currently, the people in Britain spend nearly thirty percent of their waking life in the media and communications activities (BBC,2010). The figures from Ofcom shows Britons expend heptad hours per day on surfing the Internet, watching TV and using their mobile phones(BBC,2010). Media involve any communication institutions,and in Britain it generally include print media and air (Oakland,2006). Media have influenced British society in a variety of ways. Oakland claimed that nearly 70% percent of British people gain daily news from television,one one-fifth from newspapers and nearly 10% from radio. Kasier (2002) cited by Mackeogh (2004) that a investigation of fifteen to seventeen year olds showed that 72% teenagers felt young people can be influenced slightly or a lot, though only one fourth thought it influenced young peoples behaviour. This paper will first analyze changing role of media in Britain, then illustrate how media influence British society. Finally, it will generate several recommendations for this situation.Outline the structure with key and supporting ideas (with referenced support)HistoryThe British rack began in the 1620s and development in the nineteenth century(Majesty,1976).Broadcasting began in the 1920s and became sturdy until mid-1980s.BBC was created in 1955 and ITA began in 1954 (Oakland,2006).Internet began in the 1990s ,and it developed chop-chop since mid-1990s (BBC,2010).The current situationIndividual spent averagely 538 minutes per day on using all kinds of media(BBC,2010).The cadence Britons spend on print media are frequently less than past. Currently, people spend only 31 minutes per day on print media (BB C,2010).TV has become the most significant in the mass media, and the most convinent way for the general to get the news, as well as the information around the world,public spend almost 3.8 hours watching TV per day(BBC,2010).Internet wanton away an important role in current life. Internet has been used by people for everyday,and people spend nearly one third of their waking time on Internet (BBC,2010).The influence of media on British societyNegativeOver-commercialization(Oakland,2006).Media involves some violence, it have some negative influences on young people(Sefton-Green,1993).PositiveMedia spell an important part of the British economy,people spent more than 10 billion pounds for media activities in 1988(Veljanovski, 1990 ).Media help people culative their citizenship. As a propaganda tool, media promotes citizenship and moral consciousness of the public by using public service advertisementBBC,2010.The media press ahead with socialist democracy. Burton, G (2005, p.20) hig hlight that western government clearly know the pass judgment of media coverage in swaying public opinion. The broadcasting media play an role as an mirror to keep the diversity of opinion and act as a subject communication platform. (Curran, J. and Seaton, J. 2003 p.234)Government control the individuals opinion by mass media(Curran,1938).Media involves the culture of different countries, promotes golblaziation (Hiebert,1987).RecommendationReduce the content of unhealth (sex and violence)Magazines for young girls and women should not include dissever of information about sex(Stokes,1999).A example of boys own story(Sefton-Green,1993).report more positive aspects.Reduce business investment, re-define the direction of media guide.Media should be a transparent, open, democratic and should not be controlled by government.ConclusionThere has existed several negative affects of media on British society, however, media changed British life style and their thinking way in a variety of a spects.Chosen academic referencesBBC(2010) Ofcom report highlights multi-tasking media users. Accessed from www.bbc.uk.com.Burton, G. (2005). Media and society critical perspectives. Berkshire Open University Press.Crisell,A.(1999) BroadcastingTelevision and Radio. In Stokes, J. and Reading, A. The media in Britain current debates and developments. pp.61-74.Curran, J.(1987). Impact Influence. New YorkMethuen co.Hiebert, R. (1988) Impact of mass media.New York Longman.Majesty, H.(1976)The British press. EnglandUnwin Brothers Limited.Oakland, J.(2006) British Civilization New York Routledge.Sefton-Green,J.(1993) Untidy, depressing and violenta boys own story. In Buckingham, D. Reading audiences. pp.89-116.StockJ.(1999). Use it or drop it sex,sexuality,and sexual health in magazines for girls. In Stokes, J. and Reading, A. The media in Britain current debates and developments. pp.209-217.Veljanovski,C.(1990). The media in Britain today. London News International.

Abortion Is Murder: Debate

Abortion Is Murder DebateWith so many different complications and views, stillbirth is to a greater extent complex than people may think. However, the decision of a persons position on abortion is based on that persons basic beliefs and principles. Every single has different beliefs, but my belief is that abortion should be illegal. Going out in the dry land and protrudeing an innocent person is illegal. A baffle is innocent it has not been able to face the world to have done something wrong. Killing your baby just because parents are not ready for it should be illegal. No matter what, there will always be some people that disagree with the statement of abortion macrocosm murder.I have heard that it has actually been proven that during an abortion the baby squirt chance the pain. Parents are just being selfish by choosing to have fun, and live care free lives over the life with a new child. How can soulfulness not see how wrong that is? Abortion should be illegal, a baby sho uld not have to die when they havent done anything wrong. I believe that this is the same thing. This I can understand, but why not have the baby and give it up for adoption rather than kill it? In any situation this would be better than death. Abortion is unfair to the baby so much that it can be sickening. I think that the parents should have a harsh punishment. In well-favored a child up for adoption, there would be three people benefiting from it. We can fight for the lives of those tiny, little ones who cant fight for themselves. The only difference would be that the parents know why they are being punished, but that little tiny baby had no idea. That way they know what they put their baby through. Choices such as, how we sine qua non to be remembered, what kind of person we want to be kn possess as, the person who saved a babys life by giving it up for adoption or the terrible person that killed a baby before it was born because the parents wasnt ready to try to raise it? Th e decision is yours to make. I know that the parents of the child are the one who choose to live their lives in guilt and agony over doing this to their own child, but I dont believe guilt is enough. The birth mother, as she now can solve the problem she had in caring for the child, the baby can live a wonderful life instead of having to die at such a young age and the new proud parents who could not have their own child to love, can have someone elses that they can think of as their own and love and mete out care of it just the same.Abortion should be discontinued because of the enormous amount of blood-shed involved Furthermore, the abortions themselves cause risks outweighing the benefits as well as being extremely unprincipled. There have been many indications that suggest fetuses experience excruciating pain. Also, one is playing God by killing an unborn child because that child is Gods too Why would someone want to have an abortion it can be fraught with needless peril? Pleas e do everything that is possible to disapprove or even stop abortion. When someone is considering an abortion, dissuade that person from doing so and try to do other such deeds that dampen the idea of abortion. Without abortion, a vast number of children will not be killed.One cannot just wash ones hands of the whole ordeal these post-abortion dangers can haunt the woman in a variety of ways. The mental health of a woman who has had an abortion has the possibility to dramatically suffer afterwards. However, the woman who does not have an abortion is unremarkably happier and less depressed than the other woman. In rundown to mental suffering, women are also vulnerable to many other hazards. During the first three months of a concomitant pregnancy, there is twice the chance of a miscarriage. During the second trimester, there is ten times the chance of a miscarriage, three times the chance of premature delivery, and both times the chance of infant death after birth. All these ris ks are present because an abortionist stretches the womb opening in thirty to sixty seconds when a mothers womb usually stretches over twelve or more hours of natural labor. By stretching it so quickly, the muscles tear, thus weakening the vaginal muscles for later pregnancies. In addition to the womens vulnerability to many pregnancy related dangers, abortion is a highly immoral practice.I personally think that abortions should be illegal, because why would you want to kill another human being. The baby did not do anything to deserve to be killed the baby did not ask to come into this world nor your life. I think that you should take the chance in being a parent, or give the baby up for adoption if you think that you are not able to be a good parent. Give the baby to someone who will love and cherish that baby, it does not have to be killed. There are many other solutions than abortion. Besides, acquire an abortion can cause so many health problems. Why would you want to harm you rself because you do not want a baby or you do not think that this is the right time to be having a child? I think the best thing to do is give the baby up for adoption, and then go on with your life. But then again if you are out there doing things to get a baby, then you should woman up and keep your baby instead of taking the easy way out.

Relationship between India and the USA

Relationship betwixt India and the regular armyAbstractThis piece of work tries to study the transaction of one baron and former(a) rising power in inter study lodge. The nonifications of India-US learn passed done a roller -coaster character since mid-fifties. The study is round the Indo-US dealings during blank space wintry- struggle finish. It tries to put forward in- depth study of the relation among 2 enounces, with historical rachisground, study events of the end, US participation in s prohibitedh- telephone exchange Asia/India, its stand on India-Pakistan disputes. It observes more or less the transition from est postd democracies to a strategicalal partnership of the relations.US interests in the voice were for some an(prenominal) geezerhood interpreted as philanthropic rather than commercial or strategic, and the US was closed ally with Pakistan. The study is onerous to find out How the neglected unpolished for al around 50 years got top precedence and finally turned to be natural ally. The relations oblige passed by dint of dissimilar stage from neither friend nor enemy, distanced democracies , engaged democracies and finally as natural allies with atomic partnership. This achievement and transformation is non happened overnight. To achieve these, twain countries have passed through different states overtime.The dissertation tries to find out any(prenominal)whatwhat reason behind this quick victimisation in the relations. The transformation happened during post Cold -War period. Behind these transformations some reason such as Indian put on of democratization, blossom forth market form _or_ system of government, huge development on economic system and IT sector compete lively fiber. Likewise, US goal in the theatrical intent was fulfilled epoch making good relations with India. After analysing some major events and immediate reaction, the dissertation tries to restore an argument that, with new(prenominal) reasons side by side, the nuclear ravel of 1998 by India was the central theme that encourageed for the transformations of the relations.Chapter 1Introduction and literature re come across point introduction and Purpose of the studyAfter the end of the Cold War, the fall in States is leading in the supranational Order, and it is experienced that- this time is Ameri hatful time, its hegemony and constitution for crowing hoidenish, humankind rights or in any colour or form. So its relations with any other part of the gentlemans gentleman is itself interesting and important.On the other hand, India is the largest democracy in the human beings and emerging power in the International order. It is economically and strategically threat to the US, it is tiger in Asia in verge of population, economy and nuclear capacity. The relation between the superpower and emerging power is ostensibly important to the students of International Relations/politics or common peo ple as well. So it is hoped that this research makes some interesting and important line of arguments.As the tiger economies of reciprocal ohm-east Asia roargond away in the 1970s and 1980s, Indias biggest achievements remained its ability to feed its let people, and its adherence against the odds to democracy. Unshackled by the economic liberalisation of the previous(predicate) 1990s, India is already poised to overtake Japan as the worlds third largest economy. The nuclear position of India has been schematicly ac companionshipd by the US And, when the UN is finally reformed, its carely to institute a permanent seat on the Security Council (BBC Online, 2009.)For over forty years, the cop together States has contended with the riddle of formatting a coherent constitution to state of warfared southeastern Asia- a region that contains approximately one-fifth of the worlds population. During this time, US policy has surrounded between interventions and withdrawal.Detail ed analysis of how working(a) capital de preconditionines its South Asian policy, particularly with regard to the regions ii major states India and Pakistan. The nations of South Asia contain a fifth of the human race.They include one state (India) that is certainly the worlds largest democracy and one other (Pakistan) that has been an intermittent ally of the US since 1953. For over thirty- louvre years chapiters policy has shifted uneasily from neglect of the region to ut almost(prenominal) involvement in its economic, political, and force affairs, seeing in the former certain ideo logical and moral values and in the latter certain strategic and military advantages. This research tries to fill a gap in understanding of the reasons for American involvement in and policy toward South Asia especially India.The literature on US opposed policy is dominated by relations with the Soviet sodality and Hesperian Europe. American relations with Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin Amer ica, and South Asia are relatively neglected and episodic in nature. This absence of interest is especially marked in the case of South Asia. Yet, American decisions have profoundly affected the lives of most South Asians, the societies of regional states, and their external policies. It has often been noted that this influence and the human relationship is besides one-sided American decisions affect South Asians far more than South Asian decisions can ever affect Americans.The purpose of this study is to examine the sources and patters of American responses towards events in India over a period of time, through an examination of some case study. Giving some brief introduction and record of Indo-US protection relation after 2nd World War, it dress downs in accompaniment well-nigh the relation during Post Cold War period.After the end of the Cold War, any country around the world effect, plainly South Asian countries effected more than others. The US has no rival in world o rder, but India and Pakistan, two countries from the South Asia publishd as new nuclear power. India could not be the state as neglected before. Post Cold- War period saw dramatic changes in US-India relation.Research Focus/Research questionThe main thrust of this dissertation is to present the Indo-US relations during Post Cold War period, to study main events of the period and to explore the reasons behind the transformation in relations. The thesis is focused on the periphery of Post Cold War leading to 9/11. In the compendious span of time in 1990s how the transformation was possible, how the neglected country for round 50 years got top priority in American immaterial policy, it tries to answer these questions.The thesis tries to make an argument that the nuclear campaign of 1998 was the central theme that helped for the transformation of the relation. The Indo-US convergence was abruptly interrupted by Indias may 1998 nuclear ravels. President Clintons initial reaction was simultaneously activated To think that you have to manifest your prominentness by behaviour that recalls the very thrash events of the 20th century on the edge of the 21st century when twainbody else is trying to leave the nuclear age behind, is just wrong.Because of the fact that twain India and Pakistan had been de facto nuclear branch states, US concerned more or less the possibility of nuclear war in South Asia, but it was obviously a contest in Western hegemony as well. Although the US inflictd suspension of most military-military contacts, the nuclear tests started a lavishly-ranking affairs between the US and India. everywheretime, the Clinton Administration adapted itself to the reality that Indias enormous-power aspirations included become a full-fledged nuclear weapons state. Indias 1998 nuclear explosive test were a blessing in disguise for long-term Indo-US relations. Once the tests exploded the illusion, Washington and New Delhi could get on with the important task of relating to one another on a more equal footing.MethodologyThe study is based on academic writings such as books, journal and online resources. While employ such material a great care has been taken in term of their credibility. The books studied for the research are written by academics loosely of Indian background in crinkle. Mostly they are educated in American Universities and working in that location in US Universities. Their academic background and research field is slightly American immaterial policy, Asian studies, Asians security.Likewise the online resources have been used with great care such as produced by the academics and trustworthy organizations like Asia Foundations, political bodies and well -known research centres. Though writers are educated and creation engaged in US academia, care have been taken while developing arguments from their writing, universe India origin, emotional behave business leader affect on their writing about Ameri can or Indian stance.The thesis to a fault contains three major events which were supposed(a) to play determinative role for the transformations of the relations. Likewise it in any case collects immediate reaction after the test. For reactions the samples have been collected in three groups.Structure of the thesisThe thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter one is the general introduction explaining the topic and subject matter, rationale, and methodology. This chapter similarly includes the literature review.The second chapter traces the explanation of Indo-US relations. It dialogue about the US engagement in Asia and India. It simply presents the history of the relation explaining some major events of the period. The third chapter is about the post Cold -War scenarios. It begins with how the US started tilting to India not Pakistan. The change in American policy to South Asia and India begin at this point of time. This chapter explains three major events of the period as case study Kashmir Issue 1999, nuclear test 1998 and Clinton shout out 2002. After this, in Chapter Four to know the immediate reaction after the test, it collects some thoughts verbalized in news Medias and thoughts by think tanks especially in the US. How the think-tank and the governments reacted to the test and talked about the bilateral relations.After analysing three major events and reactions of the governments, think tanks and views expressed on newspaper, Chapter Five, the main part of the thesis makes an argument that it was the nuclear test 1998, which helped to transform the relation. This chapter once again makes a revision of the relation since 1950s. Finally, the thesis contains the polish and bibliography.Literature ReviewAs mentioned above, literature on American contradictory policy is easily accessible and for sale everywhere but regarding the US relations to the South Asian region book and journals are not available enough as compared to other regions.The li terature on US foreign policy is dominated by relations with the Soviet Union and Western Europe. For example, Ambrose S E. (1993) exclusively presents the history of American foreign policy since 1938. Ambrose gives detail fall out of American contrasted policy from the period America was secure in the world-neither of the great bringitarian political forces of the century, Fascism or Communism.The source presents the overview of the evolution of American foreign polity focusing on major events like World War II, the Cuban rocket crisis, Vietnam War, and the SALT treaties. It also talks about the individual Presidents and their changed attitudes to the different regions. Ambrose begins with the get-go years of American Foreign Policy and its strength overtime up to Bush Policy and US engagements in Gulf war.Ambrose presents a chronological history of American Foreign Policy, but this book hardly discusses the development in South Asian region. The author is quite on US enga gement in South Asia/India or US involvement in Indian/Pakistani War, Kargil issueAs compared to Ambrose, Spanier J (1983) talks about the US and third world (authors term) developments. Spanier presents an account of American foreign policy from the closing years of World War II to the beginning of the second Regan administration.The author presents interpretation of the roles of the Unites States on the world stage since it became a nuclear superpower. It also talks about the theoretical frameworks of American foreign policy like the American approach to foreign policy, the state system, the American national style, the contrast between systematic and national behaviour. Spainer clearly tries to explore the reason behind World War, its significance and detailed survey of impact of nuclear weapons on the pattern of American-Soviet relations. The author explains in detail about the role of 3rd world during the Cold War to conflict with-and-in-the trine World.Bertsch K. Gary et.al. (1999) collects twelve essays by US educated academics with background study in South Asian studies. Most of the authors are with Indian background, educated and engaged in US intuitions. The write-up reflects their long experiences with their work either academic or organisation like US based South Asia Program, Institutes for Defence Studies.The author addresses the broad range of non-proliferation and foreign policy issues that affect Indo-American relations. It not tho describes missile control and space cooperation, chemical and biological weapons, and the use of sanctions versus incentives, the individual authors with their expertise knowledge provide practical recommendations for how a stronger and more meaningful dialogue can be established between the policy makers of the worlds two largest democracies.Authors present about the history of Indo-US relations in different perspective like strategic, economic, political, technical aspects but its main focus is to talk about broad sixth sense into Indias relations with the rest of the world in the shadow of Indias 1998 nuclear tests. Likewise Gangulyscobell (2006) present a series of perspectives about US-Indian strategic cooperation. The authors make an effort for the current status and future instructions of the relation.The identify the strategic context for and logic behind Indias emerging security cooperation with the US, the strategic context for and logic behind growing US security cooperation with India, growing bilateral cooperation in the US-led Global War on Terrorism. Likewise, it raises an important issue of the US assessment of Indias role in the anti-terror struggle, Indian assessment of the US worldwide anti-terror effort, Chinese view of the growing security ties between Washington and New Delhi. Likewise it identifies some military-to-military ties between the get together States and India, one from the perspective of Washington, and the other from a New Delhi perspective.S. Ganguly et.al. (2006) traces the origins, development and the current state of Indo-US strategic cooperation. The authors access the strategic cooperation of the worlds two largest democracies. They entirely talk about the strategic relation of the two countries. The book provides an assessment of Indo-US relations with a particular focus on the evolution of contemporary bilateral relations, focuses on the current state of military-to-military cooperation. The authors highlight the development of Indo-US exemplifying team ties over the become few decades and examine its underlying causes. Likewise they addressees key sports stadiums of future strategic cooperation including high technology trade, confederacy in multilateral peacekeeping operations.S. Ganguly (1990) identifies the key issues of how Washington determines its South Asian policy, especially with regard to the regions two major states India and Pakistan. Using case studies the author bases his study on US policy in four maj or South Asian crises the 1962 India- chinaware War, the India-Pakistan conflicts of 1965 and 1971, and the massive draught of 1966-1967. Gangulys research not only talks about the American foreign policy during different presidents in office and major events but also it talks about the theoretical aspect of American foreign policy. It describes analytical perspective of US foreign policy, South Asia and US foreign policy, history of Indo-US relations and Indo-mainland China War, 1965 War, The 1965-67 Crisis, the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war. The author provides the detailed explanation of the major events of the history between two states and mostly incidents are based on American perspective.As mentioned earlier since the region itself did not get priority, so the banter about the region in world affairs was limited. Only after late 1990s and especially after the nuclear test, the literature on American policy to Asia and India seems growing. One of such discussion is J. Singh (1998). It provides twain historical and contemporary analytical insights on a variety of subjects that impose upon a nuclear India. Singh checks out the nuclear reality as it exists today, at the national and international level.He begins with wherefore nuclear weapons are required and what are they all about. It further examines the rationale for the possession of nuclear weapons, detailed history of the Indian nuclear policy formulation between 1964-1998, presents history to trace the origin of nuclear weapons. It also demonstrates about the paths of proliferation and non-proliferation over the last five decades. The author also looks at the increasing proliferation concerns in the Indian neighbourhood, lists out the major proliferation challenges that have emerged after the Cold War.Likewise, it further focuses specially on ballistic missiles and their implications for international security. Likewise it also presents a detailed study of both China and Pakistans nuclear weapons and m issile programme, examines the traditional Indian position on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, impact of the nuclear test ban on the post-Cold War environment. It gives enough information about the nuclear weapons, their introduction, how they work and why they are required. It also presents the history of nuclear weapons, telling about the nuclear have countries when and how they conducted it.Jain, Rashmi (Ed.) 2006) presents the record of the transition of Indo-US relations from estranged democracies to a strategic partnership in the 21st century. It is the inclusive and current study of the political, economic/trade, military/defence and nuclear proportions of Indo-US relations from 1947 to 2006. Jain discusses the overall trends in relations between India and the United States during the Cold War and after.It mint candys with the implications of the American conglutination with Pakistan, the extension of limited gird assistance to India fol starting timeing the India-China war of 1962 and dungeon to the Tashkent and Simla agreements, Nixons tilt towards Pakistan during the Indo-Pak war of 1971, Indias nuclear test of 1947. The study contains a selection of 692 basic documents from appointed sources, including Congressional hearings, and provides the full texts or extracts from various agreements, joint communiqus and statements and interviews by Government dignitaries. It is the collection of official documents related between the relations of two countries for about fifty years. It works as primary source for the researcher.Beside these books, Journal and other reports have been used while conducting the research. Journals like Foreign affairs, International Affairs, Strategic Affairs, and online chance variable of The Economist and news sites of BBC, CNN, The New York Times and Indian newspapers such as Hindu, the Times of India has been used.Likewise US congress report, governmental publications and the reports published by the Ministry of India n External Affairs have been used.Chapter 2Historical BackgroundSouth Asia and US Foreign Policy-US meets IndiaThis chapter briefs about the American Foreign Policy and US involvement in South Asia/India. It is an account of US-Indo relations after 1950s to late 1980s. It is not chronological history of the relation, but it includes major events and trends of the time.South Asia comprises a subsystem of powers with two major nations India and Pakistan that are really within South Asia and there others, China, the US and the USSR, that are extra-regional players in the region. South Asia also contains other states with minimal military and economical power Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. By virtue of their global status, the US and the USSR have been involved in South Asia until 1990s. South Asian Countries are often introduced by political instability, a relative diffusion of powers and slow economic development. These characteristics and flunk prompted the two superpowers to fill the apparent power vacuum and to change it in order to strengthen their respective global and regional policies (Ganguly S. 1999.)South Asia has been usually been regarded as only marginally important to the United States. In the major American security decisions regarding the stability of the international system, maintenance of nuclear balance or the problem of war and peace, South Asia was not considered a determining factor. Some reasons can be traced behind less priority of US to South Asia First, it was not vital strategically it did not offer any major resources essential to American industry. Second, the low level of economic and political interaction could not generate a positive image of South Asia in the American mind. In American perceptions, the area remained a preserve of British interests. Thus, US interests in the region were for some years interpreted as philanthropic rather than commercial or strategic (R.Arthur, 2006.)The central dilemma o f US policy in South Asia since 1947 has been to deal with the competing claims of the two principal states of this region, India and Pakistan. In a sense, the constant dilemma of Americas South Asia Policy is a result of the regional contest between these two states.Of these two Sub continental states, if India was often a unimportant factor in US perception of the global strategic equation, Pakistan was an insignificant factor unless military reorient with the US.The initial US involvement in South Asia was barely influenced by the regional developments.What did stipulation the US role was the shrinking British Empire and the rapid decline of the KMT regime in China. Succeeding US military links to South Asia (especially Pakistan), a subsidiary of its concern in relation to the Soviet Union, out of the blue emphasizingd the level of hostility between India and Pakistan. US involvement not only annoyed India but also brought the Soviet Union and later China into the Subcontinen t and made the region an arena of Cold war politics (Ganguly S, 1990.)In many ways, US involvement in India started during World War II, before this both officials and unofficial contacts with India were minimal. While the US maintained a few consular officers in India to look after commercial interests, it relied largely on British Foreign Office communications for information on the Indian political situation. The US genuinely became involved in South Asia after its entry into World War II.British India served at that time as a spring board for confederative military operations against the Japanese in China and Southeast Asia. Indias relations with the Unites States have been described variously as estranged democracies and distance powers by Americans. Indian have tended to describe it as distanced democracies, engaged democracies and finally as natural allies. Another common refrain often articulated from India, describes the United States as the oldest and most powerful democr acy and itself as the largest. The expectation from both sides appears to have been that democracy will somehow transcend national interests and security imperatives and shape the relationship (B.Dipankar, 2006.)Relations between India and the US have varied widely over the last sixty-five years and adopted a roller-coaster character with many ups and downs and high and lows. In recent years India US relations has change into what both sides claim to be a strategic partnership. Even as both countries move towards that desirable goal, it is useful to recall that divergences in perceptions and policies have varied widely over the years. At the end of the Second World War the Unites States emerged as the undisputed leader of the free world. Its lead in almost every area of consequence remains unchallenged for decades.All its possible peers were largely ruined by the war and indeed necessary Washingtons help to revive themselves. The United States did not just dominate the emerging world order, but had the opportunity to shape it by laying out its figures and establishing the international institutions that would determine its future. Within a few years of the Wars end, the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc emerged as the only group that could conceivably challenge this order, but only in a limited military sense.For India, the immediate concerns were different. It was to emerge from colonialism and external domination as an independent entity. It had first to fully roll its independence, in which it only got success partially as the nation itself was split into India and Pakistan addressing the region to internal conflict for decades. Indias identity and nationalism had to be true an additional based on its own values and heritage and its territories needed to be consolidated. In addition to these concerns, a modern state had to be created almost from the beginning with all its associated institutions. (C. Raja Mohan 2003)To achieve these immediate goals, India needed a imperturbable external environment, uncomplicated by the rivalries of the global power struggle. New Delhi needed to craft a policy that would provide it a meaningful and autonomous role in a future world, in keeping with its own size potential and aspiration. In accordance with these needs it choose a policy of non-alignment. The term itself was much misunderstood in the world, and particularly in the US. India, perhaps justifiably, never fully explained its position, leading many in the west to ask, non-aligned against what good and evil?(R.Bahukutumbi, 1996.)What Nehru opined was a policy that would enable India to take independent positions on international issues without being tied down by alliances and ideological constraints. The central theme was not to get drawn in to military entanglements with major powers. He also hoped this would open up the possibility for India to adopt a position of some leadership of the emerging world. Many practical difficulties e merged, which hindered the implementations of this policy over the years. Over time, other countries also decided to remain non-aligned. On global issues, non-alignment often meant aligning against the west. Overall this policy prohibited the possibility of a military relationship with any country or grouping. This policy, and differences in world view, became a major barrier to an Indo-US military relationship throughout the Cold War (Ganguly S, 1990.)Indo-US diplomatic relations go back to the presidency of George Washington when Benjamin Joy was appoint to the position of US Consul in Calcutta, the then Indian Capital in 1792. Nothing of note happened until April 1941. When Girija Shakar Bajpai was appointed the first Agent General of India in Washington DC and Thomas Wilson shifted as US Commissioner from Calcutta to New Delhi. At that time President Roosevelt understood that a successful pursuit of the war against the Axis powers required Indias willing support and cooperation . Roosevelts support for Indian independence and concern about continue British rule had left a favourable impression on Indians (Chari PR 1999.)Churchills refusal to contemplate a serious change in British imperial policy compelled the Indian National Congress to launch the Quit India thrust in 1942. The Congress leaders believed that only an India that was promised freedom after the war could voluntarily join the war against fascism. Instead, the British responded by locking up most senior Congress political leaders. In spite of this, Indias participation in the Second World War was remarkable by any standards. Over two and a half million soldiers, each a volunteer, fought with allied armies in many of the major threats of the global conflict. This contribution was particularly salient in the Burma front, without which the outcome would have been considerably less certain.In addition to the roughly half-million soldiers from India and the British Commonwealth in this theatre, the Allied forces were joined by troops representing the chauvinistic Chinese, many Africans and, by the wars end, some 250,000 US soldiers (Sigh 2005.)This spacious US troop contribution was easily its largest military-to-military relationship in South Asia. US forces provided the bulk of logistics support, flew substantial numbers of air sorties across uncharted routes in unstable aircraft, and ensured that the Kuomintang forces remained in the war against Japan in China. In addition, there was also the enormous Brooklyn air conditioning plant near Kolkata, the largest in Asia at the time that stored and supplied food to all Allied forces in the East (Banerjee, D 2000.)It might have been expected that this state relations would continue after Indian independence. Instead, the Cold war intervened. India was partitioned and a separate state, Pakistan came into existence in 1947. During the Cold War, the drag of strategic imperatives often widened the disjuncture between the hope and the reality resulting in hurtful Indo-US relations. The US support to Pakistan on the Jammu and Kashmir dispute in the United Nations in 1948-49, and initiation of military support to Pakistan in 1954, shed a bandaging shadow on the relationship.The United States wanted to join as many states as possible in its war against communism, often in a formal strategic relationship. India viewed the logic of American alliances as directly breaking its own interests. India was confident(p) that American military support had encouraged Pakistan to wage war against it in 1965. This happened again during Indo-Pak war in 1971, when the US gave warnings to India and sent the USS Enterprise of its 7th flash into the Bay of Bengal. The United States perceived Indias policy of non-alignment as sanctimonious and considered its neutrality far from neutral, citing examples of its silence over the Soviet invasion of Hungary and Czechosloskavia in 1968 (Dasgupta 2002.)In mid 1961 India agreed to b uy the MiG-21 aircraft from the Soviet Union. This was offered on such lush name that neither Great Britain, nor France nor the US could come up with a like offer even if they wanted to match it. Thus, began a long and stick out Indo-Soviet arms relationship (Ganguly S, 1990.)The very strong Indian reaction to the evolving Pakistan-US military alliance was perhaps not anticipated in Washington. In any case, by now Indias image in the US had plunged and New Delhis concerns were not a factor in US decision making. Indo-US relations remained set in a sate of suspended hostility until 1962. The Chinese aggression on India in Oct-Nov 1962 led to a remarkable turn around in Indo-US relations.The attack from Chinese side surprised and shocked the Indian leaders. A total of two Indian infantry divisions, or less than ten pct of the Indian combat force, faced a thoroughly prepared PLA. The Indian forces were all unprepared, badly deployed, under-equipped and even without proper clothes . The defeat was total in terms of Indias political standing and its foreign policy. What is notable was the dramatic shift in Indian policy and the liberal military and political support that India true from the US and the West. None of Indias non-aligned partners provided help and few showed any sympathy.Moscow actually temporarily halted the MiG program, siding instead with its socialist friend.In contrast, the US came through with substantial help. A considerably larger arms package of US $ 373 million was apparently worked out by November 1963 in Washington by embassador Chester Bowles and was to have been signed by President Kennedy on 26th of November, 1963. Kennedy said We should defend India, and thereforeRelationship between India and the USARelationship between India and the USAAbstractThis piece of work tries to study the relations of one superpower and another emerging power in international order. The relations of India-US have passed through a roller -coaster charac ter since 1950s. The study is about the Indo-US relations during post Cold-War period. It tries to present in- depth study of the relation between two states, with historical background, major events of the period, US involvement in South Asia/India, its stand on India-Pakistan disputes. It observes about the transition from estranged democracies to a strategic partnership of the relations.US interests in the region were for many years interpreted as philanthropic rather than commercial or strategic, and the US was closed ally with Pakistan. The study is trying to find out How the neglected country for almost 50 years got top priority and finally turned to be natural ally. The relations have passed through different stage from neither friend nor enemy, distanced democracies , engaged democracies and finally as natural allies with nuclear partnership. This achievement and transformation is not happened overnight. To achieve these, both countries have passed through different states overtime.The thesis tries to find out some reason behind this quick development in the relations. The transformation happened during post Cold -War period. Behind these transformations some reason such as Indian practice of democratization, open market policy, huge development on economy and IT sector played vital role. Likewise, US goal in the region was fulfilled while making good relations with India. After analysing some major events and immediate reaction, the thesis tries to make an argument that, with other reasons side by side, the nuclear test of 1998 by India was the central theme that helped for the transformations of the relations.Chapter 1Introduction and literature reviewTopic introduction and Purpose of the studyAfter the end of the Cold War, the United States is leading in the International Order, and it is experienced that- this time is American time, its hegemony and policy for liberal democracy, human rights or in any colour or form. So its relations with any othe r part of the world is itself interesting and important.On the other hand, India is the largest democracy in the world and emerging power in the International order. It is economically and strategically threat to the US, it is tiger in Asia in term of population, economy and nuclear capacity. The relation between the superpower and emerging power is obviously important to the students of International Relations/politics or common people as well. So it is hoped that this research makes some interesting and important line of arguments.As the tiger economies of South-east Asia roared away in the 1970s and 1980s, Indias biggest achievements remained its ability to feed its own people, and its adherence against the odds to democracy. Unshackled by the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, India is already poised to overtake Japan as the worlds third largest economy. The nuclear status of India has been formally acknowledged by the US And, when the UN is finally reformed, its like ly to land a permanent seat on the Security Council (BBC Online, 2009.)For over forty years, the United States has contended with the problem of formatting a coherent policy toward South Asia- a region that contains approximately one-fifth of the worlds population. During this time, US policy has surrounded between interventions and withdrawal.Detailed analysis of how Washington determines its South Asian policy, especially with regard to the regions two major states India and Pakistan. The nations of South Asia contain a fifth of the human race.They include one state (India) that is certainly the worlds largest democracy and one other (Pakistan) that has been an intermittent ally of the US since 1953. For over thirty-five years Washingtons policy has shifted uneasily from neglect of the region to intense involvement in its economic, political, and military affairs, seeing in the former certain ideological and moral values and in the latter certain strategic and military advantages. This research tries to fill a gap in understanding of the reasons for American involvement in and policy toward South Asia especially India.The literature on US foreign policy is dominated by relations with the Soviet Union and Western Europe. American relations with Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and South Asia are relatively neglected and episodic in nature. This absence of interest is especially marked in the case of South Asia. Yet, American decisions have profoundly affected the lives of most South Asians, the societies of regional states, and their external policies. It has often been noted that this influence and the relationship is excessively one-sided American decisions affect South Asians far more than South Asian decisions can ever affect Americans.The purpose of this study is to examine the sources and patters of American responses towards events in India over a period of time, through an examination of some case study. Giving some brief introduction and histor y of Indo-US security relation after 2nd World War, it talks in detail about the relation during Post Cold War period.After the end of the Cold War, every country around the world effected, but South Asian countries effected more than others. The US has no rival in world order, but India and Pakistan, two countries from the South Asia emerged as new nuclear power. India could not be the state as neglected before. Post Cold- War period saw dramatic changes in US-India relation.Research Focus/Research questionThe main thrust of this thesis is to present the Indo-US relations during Post Cold War period, to study main events of the period and to explore the reasons behind the transformation in relations. The thesis is focused on the periphery of Post Cold War leading to 9/11. In the short span of time in 1990s how the transformation was possible, how the neglected country for almost 50 years got top priority in American foreign policy, it tries to answer these questions.The thesis trie s to make an argument that the nuclear test of 1998 was the central theme that helped for the transformation of the relation. The Indo-US convergence was abruptly interrupted by Indias May 1998 nuclear tests. President Clintons initial reaction was simultaneously emotional To think that you have to manifest your greatness by behaviour that recalls the very worst events of the 20th century on the edge of the 21st century when everybody else is trying to leave the nuclear age behind, is just wrong.Because of the fact that both India and Pakistan had been de facto nuclear weapon states, US concerned about the possibility of nuclear war in South Asia, but it was obviously a challenge in Western hegemony as well. Although the US imposed suspension of most military-military contacts, the nuclear tests started a high-level engagements between the US and India. Overtime, the Clinton Administration adapted itself to the reality that Indias great-power aspirations included becoming a full-fle dged nuclear weapons state. Indias 1998 nuclear explosive test were a blessing in disguise for long-term Indo-US relations. Once the tests exploded the illusion, Washington and New Delhi could get on with the important task of relating to one another on a more equal footing.MethodologyThe study is based on academic writings such as books, journal and online resources. While using such material a great care has been taken in term of their credibility. The books studied for the research are written by academics mostly of Indian background in origin. Mostly they are educated in American Universities and working there in US Universities. Their academic background and research area is about American foreign policy, Asian studies, Asians security.Likewise the online resources have been used with great care such as produced by the academics and trustworthy organizations like Asia Foundations, governmental bodies and well -known research centres. Though writers are educated and being engage d in US academia, care have been taken while developing arguments from their writing, being India origin, emotional behave might affect on their writing about American or Indian perspective.The thesis also contains three major events which were supposed to play determinative role for the transformations of the relations. Likewise it also collects immediate reaction after the test. For reactions the samples have been collected in three groups.Structure of the thesisThe thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter one is the general introduction explaining the topic and subject matter, rationale, and methodology. This chapter also includes the literature review.The second chapter traces the history of Indo-US relations. It talks about the US engagement in Asia and India. It simply presents the history of the relation explaining some major events of the period. The third chapter is about the post Cold -War scenarios. It begins with how the US started tilting to India not Pakistan. The c hange in American policy to South Asia and India begin at this point of time. This chapter explains three major events of the period as case study Kashmir Issue 1999, nuclear test 1998 and Clinton visit 2002. After this, in Chapter Four to know the immediate reaction after the test, it collects some thoughts expressed in news Medias and thoughts by think tanks especially in the US. How the think-tank and the governments reacted to the test and talked about the bilateral relations.After analysing three major events and reactions of the governments, think tanks and views expressed on newspaper, Chapter Five, the main part of the thesis makes an argument that it was the nuclear test 1998, which helped to transform the relation. This chapter once again makes a revision of the relation since 1950s. Finally, the thesis contains the conclusion and bibliography.Literature ReviewAs mentioned above, literature on American foreign policy is easily accessible and available everywhere but regard ing the US relations to the South Asian region book and journals are not available enough as compared to other regions.The literature on US foreign policy is dominated by relations with the Soviet Union and Western Europe. For example, Ambrose S E. (1993) exclusively presents the history of American foreign policy since 1938. Ambrose gives detail survey of American Foreign Policy from the period America was secure in the world-neither of the great totalitarian political forces of the century, Fascism or Communism.The author presents the overview of the evolution of American foreign Policy focusing on major events like World War II, the Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam War, and the SALT treaties. It also talks about the individual Presidents and their changed attitudes to the different regions. Ambrose begins with the starting years of American Foreign Policy and its strength overtime up to Bush Policy and US engagements in Gulf war.Ambrose presents a chronological history of American F oreign Policy, but this book hardly discusses the development in South Asian region. The author is quite on US engagement in South Asia/India or US involvement in Indian/Pakistani War, Kargil issueAs compared to Ambrose, Spanier J (1983) talks about the US and third world (authors term) developments. Spanier presents an account of American foreign policy from the closing days of World War II to the beginning of the second Regan administration.The author presents interpretation of the roles of the Unites States on the world stage since it became a nuclear superpower. It also talks about the theoretical frameworks of American foreign policy like the American approach to foreign policy, the state system, the American national style, the contrast between systematic and national behaviour. Spainer clearly tries to explore the reason behind World War, its significance and detailed survey of impact of nuclear weapons on the pattern of American-Soviet relations. The author explains in detai l about the role of 3rd world during the Cold War to conflict with-and-in-the Third World.Bertsch K. Gary et.al. (1999) collects twelve essays by US educated academics with background study in South Asian studies. Most of the authors are with Indian background, educated and engaged in US intuitions. The write-up reflects their long experiences with their work either academic or institution like US based South Asia Program, Institutes for Defence Studies.The author addresses the broad range of non-proliferation and foreign policy issues that affect Indo-American relations. It not only describes missile control and space cooperation, chemical and biological weapons, and the use of sanctions versus incentives, the individual authors with their expertise knowledge provide practical recommendations for how a stronger and more meaningful dialogue can be established between the policy makers of the worlds two largest democracies.Authors present about the history of Indo-US relations in dif ferent perspective like strategic, economic, political, technical aspects but its main focus is to talk about broad insight into Indias relations with the rest of the world in the shadow of Indias 1998 nuclear tests. Likewise Gangulyscobell (2006) present a series of perspectives about US-Indian strategic cooperation. The authors make an effort for the current status and future instructions of the relation.The identify the strategic context for and logic behind Indias emerging security cooperation with the US, the strategic context for and logic behind growing US security cooperation with India, growing bilateral cooperation in the US-led Global War on Terrorism. Likewise, it raises an important issue of the US assessment of Indias role in the anti-terror struggle, Indian assessment of the US worldwide anti-terror effort, Chinese view of the growing security ties between Washington and New Delhi. Likewise it identifies some military-to-military ties between the United States and Ind ia, one from the perspective of Washington, and the other from a New Delhi perspective.S. Ganguly et.al. (2006) traces the origins, development and the current state of Indo-US strategic cooperation. The authors access the strategic cooperation of the worlds two largest democracies. They entirely talk about the strategic relation of the two countries. The book provides an assessment of Indo-US relations with a particular focus on the evolution of contemporary bilateral relations, focuses on the current state of military-to-military cooperation. The authors highlight the development of Indo-US defence ties over the last few decades and examine its underlying causes. Likewise they addressees key areas of future strategic cooperation including high technology trade, participation in multilateral peacekeeping operations.S. Ganguly (1990) identifies the key issues of how Washington determines its South Asian policy, especially with regard to the regions two major states India and Pakista n. Using case studies the author bases his study on US policy in four major South Asian crises the 1962 India-China War, the India-Pakistan conflicts of 1965 and 1971, and the massive draught of 1966-1967. Gangulys research not only talks about the American foreign policy during different presidents in office and major events but also it talks about the theoretical aspect of American foreign policy. It describes analytical perspective of US foreign policy, South Asia and US foreign policy, history of Indo-US relations and Indo-China War, 1965 War, The 1965-67 Crisis, the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war. The author provides the detailed explanation of the major events of the history between two states and mostly incidents are based on American perspective.As mentioned earlier since the region itself did not get priority, so the discussion about the region in world affairs was limited. Only after late 1990s and especially after the nuclear test, the literature on American policy to Asia and I ndia seems growing. One of such discussion is J. Singh (1998). It provides both historical and contemporary analytical insights on a variety of subjects that impose upon a nuclear India. Singh checks out the nuclear reality as it exists today, at the national and international level.He begins with why nuclear weapons are required and what are they all about. It further examines the rationale for the possession of nuclear weapons, detailed history of the Indian nuclear policy formulation between 1964-1998, presents history to trace the origin of nuclear weapons. It also demonstrates about the paths of proliferation and non-proliferation over the last five decades. The author also looks at the increasing proliferation concerns in the Indian neighbourhood, lists out the major proliferation challenges that have emerged after the Cold War.Likewise, it further focuses specially on ballistic missiles and their implications for international security. Likewise it also presents a detailed st udy of both China and Pakistans nuclear weapons and missile programme, examines the traditional Indian position on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, impact of the nuclear test ban on the post-Cold War environment. It gives enough information about the nuclear weapons, their introduction, how they work and why they are required. It also presents the history of nuclear weapons, telling about the nuclear have countries when and how they conducted it.Jain, Rashmi (Ed.) 2006) presents the record of the transition of Indo-US relations from estranged democracies to a strategic partnership in the 21st century. It is the inclusive and current study of the political, economic/trade, military/defence and nuclear proportions of Indo-US relations from 1947 to 2006. Jain discusses the overall trends in relations between India and the United States during the Cold War and after.It deals with the implications of the American alliance with Pakistan, the extension of limited arms assistance to India following the India-China war of 1962 and support to the Tashkent and Simla agreements, Nixons tilt towards Pakistan during the Indo-Pak war of 1971, Indias nuclear test of 1947. The study contains a selection of 692 basic documents from official sources, including Congressional hearings, and provides the full texts or extracts from various agreements, joint communiqus and statements and interviews by Government dignitaries. It is the collection of official documents related between the relations of two countries for about fifty years. It works as primary source for the researcher.Beside these books, Journal and other reports have been used while conducting the research. Journals like Foreign affairs, International Affairs, Strategic Affairs, and online edition of The Economist and news sites of BBC, CNN, The New York Times and Indian newspapers such as Hindu, the Times of India has been used.Likewise US congress report, governmental publications and the reports published by the Mi nistry of Indian External Affairs have been used.Chapter 2Historical BackgroundSouth Asia and US Foreign Policy-US meets IndiaThis chapter briefs about the American Foreign Policy and US involvement in South Asia/India. It is an account of US-Indo relations after 1950s to late 1980s. It is not chronological history of the relation, but it includes major events and trends of the time.South Asia comprises a subsystem of powers with two major nations India and Pakistan that are actually within South Asia and there others, China, the US and the USSR, that are extra-regional players in the region. South Asia also contains other states with minimal military and economical power Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. By virtue of their global status, the US and the USSR have been involved in South Asia until 1990s. South Asian Countries are often introduced by political instability, a relative diffusion of powers and slow economic development. These characteristics and weak ness prompted the two superpowers to fill the apparent power vacuum and to change it in order to strengthen their respective global and regional policies (Ganguly S. 1999.)South Asia has been usually been regarded as only marginally important to the United States. In the major American security decisions regarding the stability of the international system, maintenance of nuclear balance or the problem of war and peace, South Asia was not considered a determining factor. Some reasons can be traced behind less priority of US to South Asia First, it was not vital strategically it did not offer any major resources essential to American industry. Second, the low level of economic and political interaction could not generate a positive image of South Asia in the American mind. In American perceptions, the area remained a preserve of British interests. Thus, US interests in the region were for many years interpreted as philanthropic rather than commercial or strategic (R.Arthur, 2006.)The central dilemma of US policy in South Asia since 1947 has been to deal with the competing claims of the two principal states of this region, India and Pakistan. In a sense, the constant dilemma of Americas South Asia Policy is a result of the regional contest between these two states.Of these two Sub continental states, if India was often a unimportant factor in US perception of the global strategic equation, Pakistan was an insignificant factor unless military aligned with the US.The initial US involvement in South Asia was barely influenced by the regional developments.What did shape the US role was the shrinking British Empire and the rapid decline of the KMT regime in China. Succeeding US military links to South Asia (especially Pakistan), a subsidiary of its concern in relation to the Soviet Union, accidentally emphasized the level of hostility between India and Pakistan. US involvement not only annoyed India but also brought the Soviet Union and later China into the Subcontine nt and made the region an arena of Cold war politics (Ganguly S, 1990.)In many ways, US involvement in India started during World War II, before this both officials and unofficial contacts with India were minimal. While the US maintained a few consular officers in India to look after commercial interests, it relied largely on British Foreign Office communications for information on the Indian political situation. The US really became involved in South Asia after its entry into World War II.British India served at that time as a spring board for allied military operations against the Japanese in China and Southeast Asia. Indias relations with the Unites States have been described variously as estranged democracies and distance powers by Americans. Indian have tended to describe it as distanced democracies, engaged democracies and finally as natural allies. Another common refrain often articulated from India, describes the United States as the oldest and most powerful democracy and it self as the largest. The expectation from both sides appears to have been that democracy will somehow transcend national interests and security imperatives and shape the relationship (B.Dipankar, 2006.)Relations between India and the US have varied widely over the last sixty-five years and adopted a roller-coaster character with many ups and downs and high and lows. In recent years India US relations has transformed into what both sides claim to be a strategic partnership. Even as both countries move towards that desirable goal, it is useful to recall that divergences in perceptions and policies have varied widely over the years. At the end of the Second World War the Unites States emerged as the undisputed leader of the free world. Its lead in almost every area of consequence remains unchallenged for decades.All its possible peers were largely destroyed by the war and indeed needed Washingtons help to revive themselves. The United States did not just dominate the emerging world ord er, but had the opportunity to shape it by laying out its figures and establishing the international institutions that would determine its future. Within a few years of the Wars end, the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc emerged as the only group that could conceivably challenge this order, but only in a limited military sense.For India, the immediate concerns were different. It was to emerge from colonialism and external domination as an independent entity. It had first to fully assert its independence, in which it only got success partially as the nation itself was split into India and Pakistan addressing the region to internal conflict for decades. Indias identity and nationalism had to be developed an additional based on its own values and heritage and its territories needed to be consolidated. In addition to these concerns, a modern state had to be created almost from the beginning with all its associated institutions. (C. Raja Mohan 2003)To achieve these immediate goals, Ind ia needed a peaceful external environment, uncomplicated by the rivalries of the global power struggle. New Delhi needed to craft a policy that would provide it a meaningful and autonomous role in a future world, in keeping with its own size potential and aspiration. In accordance with these needs it choose a policy of non-alignment. The term itself was much misunderstood in the world, and particularly in the US. India, perhaps justifiably, never fully explained its position, leading many in the west to ask, non-aligned against what good and evil?(R.Bahukutumbi, 1996.)What Nehru opined was a policy that would enable India to take independent positions on international issues without being tied down by alliances and ideological constraints. The central theme was not to get drawn in to military entanglements with major powers. He also hoped this would open up the possibility for India to adopt a position of some leadership of the emerging world. Many practical difficulties emerged, wh ich hindered the implementations of this policy over the years. Over time, other countries also decided to remain non-aligned. On global issues, non-alignment often meant aligning against the west. Overall this policy prohibited the possibility of a military relationship with any country or grouping. This policy, and differences in world view, became a major barrier to an Indo-US military relationship throughout the Cold War (Ganguly S, 1990.)Indo-US diplomatic relations go back to the presidency of George Washington when Benjamin Joy was appointed to the position of US Consul in Calcutta, the then Indian Capital in 1792. Nothing of note happened until April 1941. When Girija Shakar Bajpai was appointed the first Agent General of India in Washington DC and Thomas Wilson shifted as US Commissioner from Calcutta to New Delhi. At that time President Roosevelt understood that a successful pursuit of the war against the Axis powers required Indias willing support and cooperation. Rooseve lts support for Indian independence and concern about continuing British rule had left a favourable impression on Indians (Chari PR 1999.)Churchills refusal to contemplate a serious change in British imperial policy compelled the Indian National Congress to launch the Quit India movement in 1942. The Congress leaders believed that only an India that was promised freedom after the war could voluntarily join the war against fascism. Instead, the British responded by locking up most senior Congress political leaders. In spite of this, Indias participation in the Second World War was remarkable by any standards. Over two and a half million soldiers, each a volunteer, fought with Allied armies in many of the major threats of the global conflict. This contribution was particularly salient in the Burma front, without which the outcome would have been considerably less certain.In addition to the roughly half-million soldiers from India and the British Commonwealth in this theatre, the Allie d forces were joined by troops representing the Nationalist Chinese, many Africans and, by the wars end, some 250,000 US soldiers (Sigh 2005.)This enormous US troop contribution was easily its largest military-to-military relationship in South Asia. US forces provided the bulk of logistics support, flew substantial numbers of air sorties across uncharted routes in unstable aircraft, and ensured that the Kuomintang forces remained in the war against Japan in China. In addition, there was also the enormous Brooklyn air conditioning plant near Kolkata, the largest in Asia at the time that stored and supplied food to all Allied forces in the East (Banerjee, D 2000.)It might have been expected that this state relations would continue after Indian independence. Instead, the Cold war intervened. India was partitioned and a separate state, Pakistan came into existence in 1947. During the Cold War, the pressure of strategic imperatives often widened the disjuncture between the hope and the r eality resulting in hurtful Indo-US relations. The US support to Pakistan on the Jammu and Kashmir dispute in the United Nations in 1948-49, and initiation of military support to Pakistan in 1954, shed a binding shadow on the relationship.The United States wanted to join as many states as possible in its war against communism, often in a formal strategic relationship. India viewed the logic of American alliances as directly breaking its own interests. India was convinced that American military support had encouraged Pakistan to wage war against it in 1965. This happened again during Indo-Pak war in 1971, when the US gave warnings to India and sent the USS Enterprise of its 7th Fleet into the Bay of Bengal. The United States perceived Indias policy of non-alignment as self-righteous and considered its neutrality far from neutral, citing examples of its silence over the Soviet invasion of Hungary and Czechosloskavia in 1968 (Dasgupta 2002.)In mid 1961 India agreed to buy the MiG-21 ai rcraft from the Soviet Union. This was offered on such munificent terms that neither Great Britain, nor France nor the US could come up with a comparable offer even if they wanted to match it. Thus, began a long and enduring Indo-Soviet arms relationship (Ganguly S, 1990.)The very strong Indian reaction to the evolving Pakistan-US military alliance was perhaps not anticipated in Washington. In any case, by now Indias image in the US had plunged and New Delhis concerns were not a factor in US decision making. Indo-US relations remained frozen in a sate of suspended hostility until 1962. The Chinese aggression on India in Oct-Nov 1962 led to a remarkable turn around in Indo-US relations.The attack from Chinese side surprised and shocked the Indian leaders. A total of two Indian infantry divisions, or less than ten percent of the Indian combat force, faced a thoroughly prepared PLA. The Indian forces were totally unprepared, badly deployed, under-equipped and even without proper clothe s. The defeat was total in terms of Indias political standing and its foreign policy. What is notable was the dramatic shift in Indian policy and the liberal military and political support that India received from the US and the West. None of Indias non-aligned partners provided help and few showed any sympathy.Moscow actually temporarily halted the MiG program, siding instead with its socialist friend.In contrast, the US came through with substantial help. A considerably larger arms package of US $ 373 million was apparently worked out by November 1963 in Washington by Ambassador Chester Bowles and was to have been signed by President Kennedy on 26th of November, 1963. Kennedy said We should defend India, and therefore

Sentimental Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride -- Wedding Toa

Sentimental Wedding Speech from the Father of the BrideThis speech uses quotes that are skillfully woven into his more personal message, which is a practised way of adding humor and providing the speaker with material that is neither offensive or dull. He also includes some(prenominal) jokes that are popular in wedding speeches, but has given his own twist on them to add originalityLadies and gentlemen, may I start my speech by welcoming the guests. Today, we are surrounded by most of the friends and family that have been important to us during our lives. Some have traveled thousands of miles, just to be here today. We incur you all and thank you sincerely for sharing this special day with us.As about half of you will cognize, this is my second father of the bride speech. To misquote Oscar Wilde from The Importance of organism ErnestTo lose one daughter may be considered unlucky. to lose both is careless Well. I guess thats O.K. because my being careless is how they came to be here in the first place.Making the father of the bride speech, I feel a bit like a Sheik walking into his harem for the first time. I know what Ive got to do, I just dont know where to start. You will all be pleased to learn that my speech will be every bit as good as last time. In fact, my side of the family will probably remember great chunks of it. Not really, although I am following exactly the same format. This kernel it will probably start off badly, sag in the middle with long silences, and then trail off into a lot of incoherent rambling.To be honest, I did try to memorize this speech, but forgive me if I resort to my notes every five seconds. I asked for an autocue to be set up in front of me. Apparently, the wedding budget doesnt str... ...qually as long -and I havent quite finished yet because my next toast is to the bride and groom. That reminds me of the wedding I once went to where the two of the guests were a see and a priest. When the priest was offered a drink f or the toast he said Il1 have a large whisky please. When the minister was offered the same, he said No thanks. Id rather go with a scarlet woman than touch the demon alcohol. The priest promptly put his whisky gage on the tray and said I didnt know there was a choice.Now I dont want to offend anybody, so if theres a priest or a minister present, I apologize. And if theres a scarlet woman here, I11 meet you in the bar in ten minutes.Thank you for your indulgence. Without further find out Il1 ask you to join me in a toast to my beautiful daughter, the bride, and her handsome husband, the groom. The bride and groom.

Kenneth Fearing’s Dirge Essay -- Kenneth Fearing Dirge Essays

Kenneth Fearings threnodyTraditionally, dirges are composed in the have of a song or hymn of mourning as a memorial to a dead person. The very definition suggests that the particular qualities of the dead individual deserve recognition. The dirge is not just written for anyone, solely for those deserving of glorification, who survive in the memories of the living as testaments to the greater capacities of humankind. It is against this traditional definition that Kenneth Fearings poem, lamentation, is working, not only as an overt remark on the social, cultural, and political factors surrounding the destabilization of 1930s America but also as an abstraction of the prevalent views of reality the dehumanization of the human. Fearing superimposes these thematic projects onto the stage setting of the Great Depression, a period of American history often seen as representing overarching society decline, the dull malaise of futility, and the alienation of the individual. Through an exp loration of the structural elements of Dirge, one can find just how Fearing constructs a particular vision of modernism.As a prelude to an inquiry into thematic elements of the poem, it is first necessary to puddle out the importance of Fearings use of experimental form. Fearing adheres to the conventional use of strophic poetic construction, making use of epigrammatic style, where the seven stanzas separate the lament into degage combinations and experiments on language and the subject field suggests each might stand alone as organic entities. Putting these highly-varied units into a single poem reflects on the incoherence of broader theme of death and the response to death, the dirge, as well as the notion that such a broad topic as death contains many sma... ..., the content and form has self-deconstructed, resulting in a subject matterless reduction/manifestation of repetition. The primary focus of the poem on the death and memory of a man has been sacrificed, deviation o nly the skeletal membrane of any sort of focus in the poem. The Dirge which initially was meant to reflect on the life of the individual has been completely abstracted. The Dirge the reader is left with at the end of the poem is one meant for anyone and no one. Just as the internal contradictions in Kenneth Fearings poem have eliminated the unassailable significance of each isolated concern, the reader is left without not only a resolution, but any particular tangible meaning at all. The form and content of this poem have quite effectively established a powerful modernist statement, ironically contingent on the absence and not the presence of meaning in life.