Classical Ethical Theories and Hacking - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Analysing of case study from the perspective of four classical ethical theories including utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and contract. Answer: Introduction Hacker-for-hire website released the names of the buyers and their respective addresses online. The website provided the hacking services in Sweden and Australia. It asked for the name and address of the buyer along with the reason for the hack job to be done. The buyers believed that the information that they provided would be kept a secret; however, the details of 60 Australians were revealed to the public (Tung, 2015). The report covers the ethical analysis of the activity using different ethical theories, such as, Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue Theory and Contract Theory of Ethics. Utilitarianism Theory As per the principles that are defined under this theory of Ethics, an act is evaluated as ethically correct or incorrect on the basis of the utility of the same. Utility in this case refers to the pleasure that is gained as a consequence of the action and the absence of the evil or suffering caused by the action. In the case study, hacker-for-hire is a website that provides illegal services to the customers. The execution of such hacking services may cause pleasure to the buyer in terms of understanding the details of the accounts or systems that are hacked. However, it will result in suffering for the party that is hacked. The private and sensitive information of the hacked account or system will be exposed in front of the unauthorized entities (Bentham, 2005). The line of business that the web site deals in is not legal in itself. However, releasing the details of its customers to the public can also not be justified. It will lead to the embarrassment for the customers and will also cause a lot of humiliation. It can be seen that the utility of the action is causing more suffering as compared to the pleasure. Therefore, the activity has been termed as ethically incorrect and unjustified as per the Utilitarianism Theory of Ethics (Gamlund, 2012). Deontology Theory The Deontology Theory of Ethics is the ethical theory that says that the activities and actions that are performed must adhere to the set of rules and guidelines that are defined around them. As per the Australian laws, it is not legal to carry out hacking activities that are not carried out by the professional entities under the defined contracts. The hackers and the buyers of such services can face legal obligations as a result. Also, it has been stated that the organizations must protect the private and sensitive details of its customers under the Intellectual Property rights and policies. The regulations suggest that the privacy of the information must be maintained at all times (ONeill, 2010). In this case, hacker-for-hire is a web site that was carrying out illegal activities. The activity of contracting the site for carrying out hacking services was not correct on the ethical grounds as per this theory. However, to reveal the details of the buyers in public is not an ethical countermeasure that should have been adopted. The website was already carrying out an unethical activity and added to the same by not adhering to the Intellectual Property rights (Equip, 2017). There is a clear violation of Australian laws and Intellectual Property rights in this case. It is due to this reason that the act is termed as ethically incorrect on the basis of the principle of the Deontology Theory of Ethics. Virtue Theory As per the Virtue Theory of Ethics, an activity can be termed as ethically correct is it has positive virtues associated with it. The virtues that were associated with the buyers to contact the web site to hack a particular system or an application were completely selfish in nature. The activity was based upon the suspicion, jealously and the motive to cause harm to the party that will be hacked (Hursthouse, 2000). In the activity that was carried out by the web site which included the release of the buyer details in the public, the virtues that were associated were the selfish benefits to gain publicity at the cost of the embarrassment of the others (Bowden, 2005). In both the cases, the virtues that have been associated with the activities are not positive. They are selfish and negative in nature and therefore, the activity that has been described in the case study has been termed as ethically incorrect as per the Virtue Theory of Ethics (Grcic, 2013). Contract Theory Contract theory of Ethics is based upon the principles that state that the actions that are carried out shall be in agreement with the social norms and guidelines and must adhere to the same. In the society that we live in, it is necessary to maintain peace and harmony. The same shall be done without causing damage to the rest of the entities that are present in the society. The actions that are executed must also abide by the same. The activities that the buyers were carrying out by contracting the web site for hacking a particular system or application were not legal. It was also not in accordance with the social norms and guidelines. It would have resulted in the disturbance of social harmony or peace. For instance, one of the buyers had requested the hacking of the phone of her husband as she was suspicious that her husband was cheating on her. The correct method as per the social norms was to directly discuss the matter with the husband rather than involving a third party in between (Browne, 2012). The web site was not doing the correct activities by providing such hacking services to its customers. It then released the names and details of the buyers in public without their consent. This resulted in a lot of embarrassment and humiliation for the buyers. It also led to the disturbance of the social harmony for the parties that were involved. The actions that were carried out by the web site were also not in accordance with the social guidelines (Wempe, 2004). The two sets of activities, that is, the activities of the buyers and the activities of the web site were not in social agreement. It has therefore been evaluated that the actions mentioned in the case study were not ethically correct as per the ethical theory of Contract. Recommendations and Conclusion Hacking is an activity that cannot be justified or accepted unless it is professional and the parties that are involved have provided their consent. There are various hacking activities that are performed for testing of the systems and applications and those activities are legal as well. However, in this case, the hacking services that were being provided by the web site were not legal. These services may have resulted in the legal obligations for the buyer and for the service provider as well. It was necessary to put a stop on the same. The mechanism that the web site adopted to do the same was not ethical as well. The details of the buyers were released in public which led to a lot of embarrassment and humiliation for them. The corrective and ethical form of action would have been to deny the services to the buyers and to inform them in private that consent will be required from all the parties to carry out hacking services and activities. The web site should have also obtained a professional contract to execute the hacking services. References Bentham, J. (2005). Business Ethics: Utilitarianism. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://ww2.it.nuigalway.ie/staff/h_melvin/prof_skill/L2_handout.pdf Bowden, P. (2005). Virtue ethics, Aristotle and organisational behaviour. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://w3.unisa.edu.au/hawkeinstitute/gig/aapae05/documents/bowden-virtue.pdf Browne, K. (2012). Introduction to the social contract theory. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ362/hallam/Readings/SocialContractHelium.pdf Equip. (2017). Ethics Theories: Utilitarianism Vs. Deontological Ethics - Christian Research Institute. Christian Research Institute. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www.equip.org/article/ethics-theories-utilitarianism-vs-deontological-ethics/ Gamlund, E. (2012). Ethics. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/ifi/MNSES9100/v14/lectures/mnses-ethical-theory-gamlund.pdf Grcic, J. (2013). Virtue Theory, Relativism and Survival. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www.ijssh.org/papers/273-C10018.pdf Hursthouse, R. (2000). Virtue Ethics and Human Nature. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www.humesociety.org/hs/issues/v25n1-2/hursthouse/hursthouse-v25n1-2.pdf ONeill, O. (2010). Kantean Ethics. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://gbelic.org/courses/intro/lectures/lecture-7-deontology.pdf Tung, L. (2015). Rent-a-hacker site leaks Australian buyers' names and addresses. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/security-it/rentahacker-site-leaks-australian-buyers-names-and-addresses-20150529-ghca3f.html Wempe, B. (2004). On the use of the social contract model in business ethics. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2004.00374.x/abstract

Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About Sample Literature Research Paper Exposed

Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About Sample Literature Research Paper Exposed Sample Literature Research Paper Can Be Fun for Everyone You're also anticipated to supply expert analysis of your test or essay, along with come up with the thesis statement so the readers understand why you chose to compose your research paper. As soon as you are in possession of a very first draft of your literature review it's possible that you assess how well you've achieved your aims. There's well-known that you aren't going to have the ability to compose a fantastic insightful research paper if you're not interested in the subject overall and in the subject specifically. What's more, you might be asked to incorporate a literature review as a portion of a larger research paper. When selecting your research paper topic, you must make certain it is neither boring nor worn out. Whenever there is very little or no prior research on a particular subject, you may want to come up with a totally new research typology. Sample Literature Research Paper Help! The very last thing you desire is to get your professor concentrate on your improper dissertation formatting instead of your great ideas. Make the usage of the suggested research paper topic ideas and you'll be prosperous. Much like any bit of lengthy writing, structure is essential. As soon as you have established the topic of your thesis, you are able to move on to gathering the pile of writings which you'll ut ilize. Writing a research paper even though may appear challenging is a considerable portion of routine student life. There are many students who require assistance with respect to writing thesis statement or papers. Not all folks are successful to aid you in your research. The entire research should be constructed around or from this issue. How to Choose Sample Literature Research Paper What's more, you're engaged in the activity you enjoy and it is an excellent motivational component that will lead you to success. There isn't anyone specific rule. The remaining 50% is dependent upon your capacity to recognize and adhere to the appropriate literature review structure, and then you desire a fantastic example before your eyes. For instance, when you conduct quantitative research, a deficiency of probability sampling is a significant issue which you should mention. The paper posits that while the American dream exists, it's unavailable and accessible to each individual in the us. The fact they believe in the American Dream implies they will willingly work hard to attain success, yet, in fact, they don't have the capacity to get the dream. You read lots of prior literature to comprehend what's been done, and the way your work fits into it. So be certain to master the topic before looking for others' work. The Battle Over Sample Literature Research Paper and How to Win It Some disciplines need you to use information which is as current as possible. A literature review discusses published information in a specific subject area, and at times information in a distinct subject area within a particular time period. Sources that are linked to your research are available in a range of libraries and internet catalogs. There might be specific guidance on structure in your department, or you might need to devise your own. If you must record and present your search strategy, you may have the ability to incorporate the technical specifics of the search st rategy as an appendix to your thesis. Some literature reviews also include an abstract, here you won't need to do a lot more than simply employing the vital quotes and citations, following the identical format of the remainder of the pages and that's it. My corpus consists of 154 papers. Repeat till you have your whole corpus downloaded to the exact directory. You can provide your work to somebody else to go through and provide you feedback. A whole lot of work was done on psychoanalysis theory here are a few works of unique researchers. Check out whether there's an important reason the research has not yet been done, which would allow it to be sensible that you select a different focus. Start looking for other literature reviews in your field of interest or in the discipline and read them to find a feeling of the sorts of themes you may want to look for in your own research or approaches to organize your final review. When you begin to outline literature review writing, ma ke sure you've included everything you've got on the map. A literature review example can help a writer to learn about a specific subject whilst in the practice of preparing the review. As a student, you can write the very best literature review once you've got a very clear outline. 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What Is the Value of Philosophy College Essay Examples?

What Is the Value of Philosophy College Essay Examples?'What is the value of philosophy college essay examples?' Those words are uttered by a high school student at a philosophy party. But, you have to wonder; what is the value of philosophy, anyway?Philosophy of life, if it is even a science, is extremely debatable and has been changed by thousands of years of human thought and language. Is philosophy really worth mentioning in high school classrooms? Should philosophy be taught in our schools?You will find high school philosophy textbook that talks about morals, duty, or belief in God, but they seldom discuss what is the value of philosophy. When, exactly, is philosophy relevant? Many teachers do not seem to know what is the value of philosophy or how to properly teach it. Good high school philosophy essay examples should be taken by teachers, students, and parents.The answer to that question, however, cannot be arrived at easily. Sometimes, the answer is 'because I don't know and can't tell.' Sometimes, the answer is 'because there is no right or wrong in a philosophical discussion.'The problem with discussing the value of philosophy is that a lot of people do not agree with each other. Philosophers will debate the value of philosophy, just as scientists will debate the value of science. In other words, the opinions of many philosophers may not be relevant to other philosophers. In short, in this case, philosophy is just like anything else and should be discussed between individuals, if they care to do so.Let's take a look at an example from a high school philosophy textbook, which discusses the value of philosophy. The student is asked, 'What is the value of philosophy?' To answer this question, the student is asked to ponder on the definition of philosophy, and to check if it is what they believe in. If the student cannot think of anything about the answer, or is unable to name something as the definition of philosophy, then their opinion about the value o f philosophy is simply nonexistent.Of course, this is a very simplified definition of philosophy, and we cannot provide a high school or college essay examples. High school and college philosophy textbooks can only present a basic idea of what philosophy is and should be used in the classroom. Students need to read books written for those who have little knowledge about philosophy, because no one could ever explain what philosophy is to someone who doesn't understand it.Today's children are far more in tune with and interested in philosophy than previous generations were. The world of high school and college has changed drastically. To know the answer to the question, 'What is the value of philosophy?'

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How Can You Research Legal Document Court Papers With Your Name Within the Title?

How Can You Research Legal Document Court Papers With Your Name Within the Title?You might be asking yourself, how can you research legal document court papers with your name within the title? This happens all the time. You have to come up with an answer to your own question before you can begin looking at court documents with your name within the title.As you know, getting a copy of a court case can be very expensive. You could get your information for free, but you will still need to pay a person to help you in doing so. There are other methods that can be used to get legal documents at no cost. These methods are outlined below.The first thing you can do is to go online and search for the county records. If you use your state's information, this could be more helpful to you. When you use the records of another state, you may have to give up some of your privacy. If you are only going to research the state where the case was filed, you should use it. Just make sure to get the right copy that you can actually use.The newspaper would be the second option for you. If you have access to the paper where the case was filed, you will need to use this method. However, there is a chance that the information could be wrong. Make sure that you only use accurate information that you can verify.The third option would be to use the local library. In this way, you can get a hold of the legal documents that will help you with your research. This will work best if you know what is in the court case.The fourth option is to look in your local book store or the phone book. In this case, you will need to visit these places to get the relevant information. However, you must remember that you will be using your personal information.The fifth option is to use the name in the directory that is specifically geared towards people who want to know more about the court papers. These directories usually show you the person's full name. These directories are useful if you want to conduct a personal investigation about a person. Usually, these directories can help you get information on a person.The sixth option would be to use the name of the person in a place where they reside. You may be able to get information on the person's business, where they are registered to work, their parents' addresses, and other pertinent information.

How to Use Essay Topics to Make Your Writing More Powerful

How to Use Essay Topics to Make Your Writing More PowerfulHave you been trying to find some good teaching jobs that require just a few words and a few sentences? One way to make this work is to use essay topics. You can take a few lines from a novel, a poem, or a description of a landscape and make a powerful statement about it. Use it as an example when you give a presentation and make sure you use it in all of your articles, essays, and speeches.It can be used in any subject matter, but it is probably best used in world building. If you want to teach fiction writing, you can use a movie clip. If you want to teach business writing, you can use a quote from the Bible. If you want to teach corporate communications, you can use a corporate slogan. Use what works best for you and your audience.Point of view essay topics can make you a very strong teacher, but they are also an excellent writer and speaker. They make an impression on your audience, and that impression is never a bad one. Your points and your words will be used in presentations, articles, and even as audio books. Students will often remember your topic because they will be drawn to it. As an author, they will have a great picture of who you are, what you are about, and what you know.Article writing is the perfect format for you to use essay topics. You can describe a situation with clear details and show how your point of view was correct and logical. Most articles you write will be short enough to make that sort of presentation possible. But, if you want to write lengthy essays or speeches, you can use them in the future.You can make yourself more interesting and appealing to your audience by using your essay topics. Your body of work will be complete with these type of topics. You will get credit for it, which will not only help you with your teaching and speaking jobs, but will also improve your writing in general.It can take some time to learn how to use essay topics, but it is very simple once y ou get the hang of it. You will still need to practice to get good at this, but you will find it to be very rewarding. After a while, you will make these types of presentations much easier. You will just be taking notes and writing what you have to.The purpose of essay topics is to draw attention to a situation or topic in a way that makes sense. If you do this well, your audience will remember you will get better teaching and speaking jobs as a result. Hopefully, your essay topics will make your speech, lecture, or presentation as powerful as your subject matter.

The Internet vs. The Web

The Internet vs. The Web The Internet vs. The Web The Internet vs. The Web By Maeve Maddox Although the hoi polloi (i.e., the masses) use the words Web and Internet interchangeably, there is a difference worth learning. The Internet existed before the Web. The first meaning of internet as it relates to computing was â€Å"a computer network consisting of or connecting a number of smaller networks, such as two or more local area networks connected by a shared communications protocol.† The U.S. Defense Department had such a network called ARPANET–an acronym derived from Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. From this DoD â€Å"internet† evolved â€Å"the Internet,† a global computer network that provides a variety of communication facilities–only one of which is the Web. ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to enable researchers to use computers from remote locations. In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) was standardized and the Internet was officially defined as a global interconnected network. Although global, the new Internet was still mainly the reserve of people with the specialized skills needed to access it. All that changed in the early 1990s when Tim Berners-Lee, a graduate of Oxford University, created a system of interlinked documents (e.g., web pages) that could be easily accessed by anyone using a browser. He called it the World Wide Web. The Web, therefore, is not the Internet. The Web is one of many services that run on top of the Internet infrastructure. Other such services include email, FTP, and VOIP (e.g., Skype). Here’s a typical misuse of the term Internet: Are you unfamiliar with the Internet? If you want to know how to search the Internet, then you have to find the right search engine, type in your search as accurately as possible, and browse through the results to find the one you want. –WikiHow I’m guessing that the Defense Department may know how to search the Internet, but when ordinary mortals go online to find cute kitten photos, they use search engines to search the Web. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)Hyper and HypoPredicate Complements